About the Author Everett Ferguson (Ph.D., Harvard) is professor emeritus of Bible and distinguished scholar-in-residence at Abilene Christian University in Abilene, Texas, where he taught Greek and church history. He is the author or editor of numerous works, including Backgrounds of Early Christianity (author) and the two-volume Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (ed.). ZONDERVAN CHURCH HISTORY VOLUME ONE: From Christ to Pre-Reformation Copyright © 2005 by Everett Ferguson All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of Zondervan. Mobi Edition July 2009 ISBN: 978-0-310-82936-2 Requests for information should be addressed to: Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49530 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ferguson, Everett, 1933– Church history / Everett Ferguson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-310-20580-7 1. Church history—Textbooks. I. Title. BR145.3.F47 2004 270—dc22 2004020348 Unless otherwise indicated, the photos were taken by and are the property of the author. All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible: New International ® ® Version . NIV . Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other— except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 • 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 To the students who will use this textbook. May they enter into the adventure of the life of the church as they extend its history into the days ahead. Church History Volume Two: Reformation to the Present by John D. Woodbridge and Frank James III is forthcoming. Contents in Brief Maps, Charts, and Illustrations 1. The Setting for the Story’s Beginning 2. Jesus and the Beginnings of the Church 3. The Subapostolic Age 4. The Church and the Empire 5. Heresies and Schisms in the Second Century 6. The Defense against Rival Interpretations 7. The Fathers of the Old Catholic Church and Their Problems 8. Church Life in the Second and Third Centuries 9. Development of the Church during the Third Century 10. Diocletian and Constantine: On the Threshold of the Fourth Century 11. The Church in the Fourth Century: Doctrine, Organization, and Literature 12. The Church in the Fourth and Early Fifth Centuries: Monasticism, Expansion, Life, and Worship 13. Christological Controversies to Chalcedon (451) 14. Augustine, Pelagius, and Semipelagianism 15. Transitions to the Middle Ages: Germanic Migrations, Doctrinal Developments, and the Papacy 16. Eastern and Western Churches in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries 17. The Eastern Church from the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries 18. The Western Church from the Seventh to Ninth Centuries 19. Decline and Renewal of Vitality in the West: The Ninth to Eleventh Centuries 20. The Papal Reform Movement and the First Crusade 21. Intellectual Revival: The Rise of Scholasticism 22. Monastic, Literary, Cultural, and Political Activities in the Twelfth Century 23. The Glory of the Western Medieval Church: The Thirteenth Century 24. Portents of Decline General Bibliography Contents Cover Page Title Page Copyright Maps, Charts, and Illustrations Preface 1. The Setting for the Story’s Beginning I. The Roman World II. The Greek World III. The Jewish World For Further Study 2. Jesus and the Beginnings of the Church I. The Ministry of Jesus II. The Church in Jerusalem and James III. The Church in Antioch IV. Paul V. The Church in Rome and Peter VI. The Church in Ephesus and John VII. The Church in Syria and Thomas VIII. Church Life in the Apostolic Age For Further Study 3. The Subapostolic Age I. Strands of Jewish Christianity A. Ebionites B. Nazoraeans C. Elkesaites D. Other Jewish Influences II. Literature and Problems in Gentile Christianity A. The Apostolic Fathers B. Apocryphal Literature C. Other Writings D. Limitations and Value of This Literature For Further Study 4. The Church and the Empire I. Attitudes toward Christians A. Attitudes of Early Emperors B. Attitudes of Pagans toward Christians II. The Legal Basis of the Persecutions