Church History, New Testament and Apostolic Fathers

95 Pages·2007·0.6 MB·English

by  John Miglautsch

Church History, New Testament and Apostolic Fathers
1. Overview
a. Does it matter how we worship God?
i. Cain & Abel? Gen 4:3-5 So it came about in the course of time that Cain
brought an offering to the LORD of the fruit of the ground. 4 And Abel, on his
part also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of their fat portions. And the
LORD had regard for Abel and for his offering; 5 but for Cain and for his
offering He had no regard. So Cain became very angry and his countenance
fell. (NAS)
ii. Passover? Exod 12:7 'Moreover, they shall take some of the blood and put it
on the two doorposts and on the lintel of the houses in which they eat it... 13
'And the blood shall be a sign for you on the houses where you live; and when I
see the blood I will pass over you, and no plague will befall you to destroy
{you} when I strike the land of Egypt. (NAS)
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b. What is Church?
i. Independent invisible individual Christianity
ii. 30,000 denominations1
(1) 1 Tim 4:11 But the Spirit explicitly says that in later times some will fall
away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of
demons, (NAS)
(2) 2 Tim 4:3 For the time will come when they will not endure sound
doctrine; but {wanting} to have their ears tickled, they will accumulate
for themselves teachers in accordance to their own desires;(NAS)
iii. We must go back to the begining... we must test our worship and our doctrine
against the early Church
c. What is Biblical? It depends... on your translation?
i. Office vs. Bishop2
ii. Prayers vs. Liturgy3
1
Table 1-3 Organized Christianity: Global totals in 1995 AD
Note: Denomination is defined as an organization within a single country. This means that if the Roman Catholic church is in 234
countries, it would have a at least 234 denominations. Conversely, To say the Roman Catholic church has 239 denominations in
234 countries, is a conclusion that seriously misreads the data. On the other hand, the fact that there are 8848 denominations in
the Protestant column, does not mean there are 8848 Protestant denominations as Catholics suggest. If you divide 8848 by the
237 countries, you come up with a figure of only actual 37 denominations in 237 countries. (David A. Barrett, World Christian
Encyclopedia, 2001, p 12) http://www.bible.ca/global-religion-statistics-world-christian-encyclopedia.htm
2
Acts 1:20 "For it is written in the book of Psalms, 'Let his homestead be made desolate, and let no man dwell in it';
and, 'His office let another man take.' (NAS)
Acts 1:20 For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein: and his bishoprick
let another take. (KJV)
3
Acts 2:42 And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in
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iii. Teaching vs. Tradition vs. Heresy (sect, faction)4
prayers. (KJV)
42 They devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching and to the fellowship, to the breaking of bread and to prayer. (NIV)
42 And they were continuing steadfastly in the (doctrine) teaching of the apostles and in the fellowship in the breaking of the
loaf and in the prayers. The Nestle Greek Text with a Literal English Translation Zondervan 1973
4
II Th 2:15 So then, brothers, stand firm and hold to the teachings we passed on to you, whether by word of mouth or
by letter.(NIV)
15 So then, brethren, stand firm and hold to the traditions which you were taught, whether by word {of mouth} or by letter from
us.(NAS)
II Th 3:6 In the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, we command you, brothers, to keep away from every brother who is idle and
does not live according to the teaching you received from us.(NIV)
6 Now we command you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you keep aloof from every brother who leads an
unruly life and not according to the tradition which you received from us.(NAS)
1 Cor 11:2 Now I praise you because you remember me in everything, and hold firmly to the traditions (3862), just as I
delivered (3860) them to you....1 Cor 11:23 For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered (3860) to you, that the Lord
Jesus in the night in which He was betrayed took bread;(NAS)
DELIVER paradidomi 3860, "to deliver over," in <Rom. 6:17>, RV, "that form of teaching whereunto ye were delivered," the
figure being that of a mold which gives its shape to what is cast in it (not as the KJV). In <Rom. 8:32> it is used of God in
"delivering" His Son to expiatory death; so <4:25>; see <Mark 9:31>; of Christ in "delivering" Himself up, <Gal. 2:20; Eph.
5:2,25>. See BETRAY, A. In <Mark 1:14>, RV, it is used of "delivering" John the Baptist to prison. See PUT, No. 12.(from
Vine's Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words)(Copyright (C) 1985, Thomas Nelson Publishers)
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2. The early Church was Hierarchical?
a. Bishops from the very first.
b. Apostles, Elders5
TRADITION paradosis 3862, "a handing down or on" (akin to paradidomi, "to hand over, deliver"), denotes "a tradition,"
and hence, by metonymy, (a) "the teachings of the rabbis," interpretations of the Law, which was thereby made void in practice,
<Matt. 15:2,3, 6; Mark 7:3,5, 8,9, 13; Gal. 1:14; Col. 2:8>; (b) of "apostolic teaching," <1 Cor. 11:2>, RV, "traditions" (KJV,
"ordinances"), of instructions concerning the gatherings of believers (instructions of wider scope than ordinances in the limited
sense); in <2 Thes. 2:15>, of Christian doctrine in general, where the apostle's use of the word constitutes a denial that what he
preached originated with himself, and a claim for its divine authority (cf. paralambano, "to receive," <1 Cor. 11:23; 15:3>); in <2
Thes. 3:6>, it is used of instructions concerning everyday conduct.# (from Vine's Expository Dictionary of Biblical
Words)(Copyright (C) 1985, Thomas Nelson Publishers)
SECT hairesis 139, "a choosing," is translated "sect" throughout the Acts, except in <24:14>, KJV, "heresy" (RV, "sect"); it
properly denotes a predilection either for a particular truth, or for a perversion of one, generally with the expectation of personal
advantage; hence, a division and the formation of a party or "sect" in contrast to the uniting power of "the truth," held in toto; "a
sect" is a division developed and brought to an issue; the order "divisions, heresies" (marg. "parties") in "the works of the flesh"
in <Gal. 5:19-21> is suggestive of this. See HERESY.(from Vine's Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words)(Copyright (C) 1985,
Thomas Nelson Publishers)
2 Pet 2:1 But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will also be false teachers among you, who will secretly
introduce destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing swift destruction upon themselves.(NAS)
5
Acts 15:1 Some men came down from Judea to Antioch and were teaching the brothers: "Unless you are circumcised,
according to the custom taught by Moses, you cannot be saved." 2 This brought Paul and Barnabas into sharp dispute and debate
with them. So Paul and Barnabas were appointed, along with some other believers, to go up to Jerusalem to see the apostles and
elders about this question.
Acts 15:6 The apostles and elders met to consider this question.
Acts 15:22 Then the apostles and elders, with the whole church, decided to choose some of their own men and send them to
Antioch with Paul and Barnabas. They chose Judas (called Barsabbas) and Silas, two men who were leaders among the brothers.
23 With them they sent the following letter: The apostles and elders, your brothers, To the Gentile believers in Antioch, Syria
and Cilicia: Greetings. 24 We have heard that some went out from us without our authorization and disturbed you, troubling your
minds by what they said. (NIV)
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c. Verified by 1st and 2nd century Church Fathers6
6
Chapter 42 Epistle of Clement CA 97 AD THE ORDER OF MINISTERS IN THE CHURCH
The apostles have preached the Gospel to us from the Lord Jesus Christ; Jesus Christ [has done so] from God. Christ therefore was
sent forth by God, and the apostles by Christ. Both these appointments, then, were made in an orderly way, according to the will
of God. Having therefore received their orders, and being fully assured by the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, and established
in the word of God, with full assurance of the Holy Ghost, they went forth proclaiming that the kingdom of God was at hand. And
thus preaching through countries and cities, they appointed the first-fruits [of their labors], having first proved them by the Spirit,
to be bishops and deacons of those who should afterwards believe. Nor was this any new thing, since indeed many ages before it was
written concerning bishops and deacons. For thus saith the Scripture in a certain place, “I will appoint their bishops in righteousness,
and their deacons in faith.” (LXX Only)
THE EPISTLE OF IGNATIUS TO THE SMYRNAEANS CHAPTER 8 CA. 110 AD
LET NOTHING BE DONE WITHOUT THE BISHOP [SHORTER]
See that ye all follow the bishop, even as Jesus Christ does the Father, and the presbytery as ye would the apostles; and reverence
the deacons, asbeing the institution of God. Let no man do anything connected with the Church without the bishop. Let that be
deemed a proper Eucharist, which is [administered] either by the bishop, or by one to whom he has entrusted it. Wherever the bishop
shall appear, there let the multitude [of the people] also be; even as, wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church. It is not
lawful without the bishop either to baptize or to celebrate a love-feast; but whatsoever he shall approve of, that is also pleasing to
God, so that everything that is done may be secure and valid.
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3. The early Church was Sacramental? (Mysterious)
a. Ignatius of Antioch (30-107 AD)7
b. Justin Martyr (100-165 AD) 8
c. Cyril of Jerusalem (315-386)9
7
To the Romans, Chapter 7 I have no delight in corruptible food, nor in the pleasures of this life. I desire the bread of
God, the heavenly bread, the bread of life, which is the flesh of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who became afterwards of the seed
of David and Abraham; and I desire the drink of God, namely His blood, which is incorruptible love and eternal life.
To the Smyrneans CHAPTER 7 LET US STAND ALOOF FROM SUCH HERETICS
They abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer, because they confess not the Eucharist to be the flesh of our Savior Jesus
Christ, which suffered for our sins, and which the Father, of His goodness, raised up again. Those, therefore, who speak against
this gift of God, incur death in the midst of their disputes. But it were better for them to treat it with respect, that they also
might rise again. It is fitting, therefore, that ye should keep aloof from such persons, and not to speak of them either in private or
in public, but to give heed to the prophets, and above all, to the Gospel, in which the passion [of Christ] has been revealed to us,
and the resurrection has been fully proved. But avoid all divisions, as the beginning of evils.
8
The First Apology, Chapter 66 OF THE EUCHARIST And this food is called among us Eujcariatia [the
Eucharist], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has
been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ 341 has
enjoined. For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Savior, having
been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food
which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and
blood of that Jesus who was made flesh.
9
St. Cyril of Jerusalem born a few years before the outbreak of Arianism in A.D. 318, he lived to see its suppression
by the Edict of Theodosius, 380. LECTURE 22 (ON THE MYSTERIES IV) ON THE BODYAND BLOOD OF CHRIST.
<461123>1 CORINTHIANS 11:23. I received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, how that the Lord Jesus, in the
night in which He was betrayed, took bread, etc. 1. EVEN of itself the teaching of the Blessed Paul is sufficient to give you a full
assurance concerning those Divine Mysteries, of which having been deemed worthy, ye are become of the same body and blood
with Christ. For you have just heard him say distinctly, That our Lord Jesus Christ in the night in which He was betrayed, took
bread, and when He had given thanks He brake it, and gave to His disciples, saying, Take, eat, this is My Body: and having taken
the cup and given thanks, lie said, Take, drink,this is My Blood. Since then He Himself declared and said of the Bread, This is My
Body, who shall dare to doubt any longer? And since He has Himself affirmed and said, This is My Blood, who shall ever hesitate,
saying, that it is not His blood? 2. He once in Cana of Galilee, turned the water into wine, akin to blood, and is it incredible that
He should have turned wine into blood? When called to a bodily marriage, He miraculously wrought that wonderful work; and on
the children of the bride-chamber, shall He not much rather be acknowledged to have bestowed the fruition of His Body and
Blood? 3. Wherefore with full assurance let us partake as of the Body and Blood of Christ: for in the figure of Bread is given to
thee His Body, and in the figure of Wine His Blood; that thou by partaking of the Body and Blood of Christ, mayest be made of
the same body and the same blood with Him. For thus we come to bear Christ in us, because His Body and Blood are distributed
through our members; thus it is that, according to the blessed Peter, we became partakers of the divine nature. 4. Christ on a
certain occasion discoursing with the Jews said, Except ye eat My flesh and drink My blood, ye have no life in you. They not
having heard 346 His saying in a spiritual sense were offended, and went back, supposing that He was inviting them to eat flesh.
5. In the Old Testament also there was shew-bread; but this, as it belonged to the Old Testament, has come to an end; but in the
New Testament there is Bread of heaven, and a Cup of salvation, sanctifying soul and body; for as the Bread corresponds to our
body, so is the Word appropriate to our soul. 6. Consider therefore the Bread and the Wine not as bare elements, for they are,
according to the Lord’s declaration, the Body and Blood of Christ; for even though sense suggests this to thee, yet let faith
establish thee. Judge not the matter from the taste, but from faith be fully assured without misgiving, that the Body and Blood of
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4. The Early Church was liturgical?
a. Israel
i. did not wing it - 3007 Liturgical readings.
ii. What to read, what to say, incense, lamps, robes, chanting.
b. New Testament
i. THE Prayers in Acts 2:42 and Acts 6:4
ii. Acts 3:1 Now Peter and John were going up to the temple at the ninth } hour, the
hour of prayer.(NAS)
iii. Acts 10:1-10 At the 6th hour... at the 9th hour (vs. “About noon” NIV) The
Apostles didn’t throw away the Jewish rule of prayer at the 3rd, 6th & 9th hours.
iv. Acts 13:2 And while they were ministering (“While they were engaged in the
Liturgy of the Lord and were fasting...”)10 to the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit
said, "Set apart for Me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called
them."(NAS)
v. Acts 15 “Leading men among the brethren Acts 18:8 Crispus, the President of
the synagogue. Acts 18:7 he continually worshiped God
vi. Acts 20:6 He wanted to get to Jerusalem by the day of Pentecost. Though a
Christian, Paul didn’t throw away the Jewish calendar.
vii. Hebrews 8:2 This is the MAIN point. Jesus is seated at the Right Hand, Minster
(liturgist). The Jews (to whom it is written to) would understand this word as the
Priest who would lead the Jews in WORSHIP.
c. Early Church Fathers
i. Didache (50 AD)
ii. The Liturgies of St. James, St. Mark (70-120 AD)
iii. Justin Martyr - Apology (150 AD) - How we worship - Shape of the Liturgy11.
Christ have been vouchsafed to thee.
10
New American Bible (Catholic)
11
ADMINISTRATION OF THE SACRAMENTS
But we, after we have thus washed him who has been convinced and has assented to our teaching, bring him to the place where
those who are called brethren are assembled, in order that we may offer hearty prayers in common for ourselves and for the
baptized [illuminated] person, and for all others in every place, that we may be counted worthy, now that we have
learned the truth, by our works also to be found good citizens and keepers of the commandments, so that we may be saved with an
everlasting salvation. Having ended the prayers, we salute one another with a kiss. There is then brought to the president of the
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iv. Hippolytus (190 AD) “And this is the way Christians worship everywhere.”12
THE DIVINE LITURGY OF JAMES, THE HOLY
APOSTLE AND BROTHER OF THE LORD.
Neale sums up the results of his study in the following words: I shall content myself therefore with assuming, that these
liturgies, though not composed by the Apostles whose names they bear, were the legitimate development of their unwritten
tradition respecting the Christian Sacrifice; the words, probably, in the most important parts, the general tenor in all portions,
descending unchanged from the apostolic authors. That the liturgy of St. James is of earlier date, as to its main fabric, than A.D.
200; that the Clementine Office is at least not later than 260; that the Liturgy of St. Mark is nearly coeval with that of St. James;
while those of St. Basil and St. Chrysostom are to be referred respectively to the saints by whom they purport to be composed.
In all these cases, several manifest insertions and additions do not alter the truth of the general statement.”
Let us all say fervently, Lord, have mercy:
THE PEOPLE (TWELVE TIMES)
Lord, have mercy.
THEN THE PRIEST BREAKS THE BREAD, AND HOLDS THE
HALF IN HIS RIGHT HAND, AND THE HALF IN HIS LEFT, AND
DIPS THAT IN HIS RIGHT HAND IN THE CHALICE, SAYING: —
The union of the all-holy body and precious blood of our Lord and God
and Savior, Jesus Christ.
THEN HE MAKES THE SIGN OF THE CROSS ON THAT IN HIS
LEFT HAND: THEN WITH THAT WHICH HAS BEEN SIGNED
THE OTHER HALF: THEN FORTHWITH HE BEGINS TO DIVIDE,
AND BEFORE ALL TO GIVE TO EACH CHALICE A SINGLE
PIECE, SAYING: —
It has been made one, and sanctified, and perfected, in the name of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever.
AND WHEN HE MAKES THE SIGN OF THE CROSS ON THE
BREAD, HE SAYS: —
Behold the Lamb of God, the Son of the Father, that taketh away the sin
of the world, sacrificed for the life and salvation of the world.
AND WHEN HE GIVES A SINGLE PIECE
TO EACH CHALICE HE SAYS: —
A holy portion of Christ, full of grace and truth, of the Father, and of the
Holy Spirit, to whom be the glory and the power to all eternity.
brethren bread and a cup of wine mixed with water; and he taking them, gives praise and glory to the Father of the universe,
through the name of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, and offers thanks at considerable length for our being counted worthy to
receive these things at His hands. And when he has concluded the prayers and thanksgivings, all the people present express their
assent by saying Amen.
12
Chapter 42 If you are tempted, seala your foreheads reverently. For this is the Sign of the Passion, displayed and
made manifest against the devil, provided that you do it with faith, not to be seen by men, but by presenting it with skill like a
shield. 2Because the Adversary, when he sees the strength of the heart and when he sees the inner man which is animated by the
Word show, formed on the exterior, the interior image of the Word, he is made to flee by the Spirit which is in you. 3This is
symbolized by the Paschal lamb which was sacrificed, the blood of which Moses sprinkled on the threshold, and smeared on the
doorposts. He told us of the faith which is now in us, which was given to us through the perfect Lamb. 4By sealinga the forehead
and eyes with the hand, we turn aside the one who is seeking to destroy us.
a That is, making the sign of the cross. http://www.bombaxo.com/hippolytus.html
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The Didache, The Teachings of the Apostles Estimated Range of Dating: 50-120 C.E.
THE TEACHING TO THE NATIONS
CHAPTER 1
THE TWO WAYS;THE FIRST COMMANDMENT
1) There are two ways: one of Life - one of Death, each having great differences between them.
2) The way of life is this:
First, You must love the One who formed you;
Second, you must love your neighbor in the same manner as yourself. Do not do to others, what you yourself would not want
done to you.
3) And these are our teachings:
Bless the ones who curse you. Pray for your enemies. Fast for your persecuters. Do you expect a great reward if you only love
those who love you? Do the Gentiles not conduct themselves accordingly? But if you practice love to those who hate you, your
enemies will vanish.
4) Refrain from the impulses of your selfish nature and the self-serving world. If someone strikes you on your right cheek, turn
the left to be likewise stiked. This discipline will lead to your perfecting. If someone forces you to go one mile in service, go with
him a second. If someone robs you of your robe, freely give him your coat. If someone takes anything from you, don't ask that it
be returned, for what good would that do?
5) Give to all who ask, and don't expect return; for your Father in heaven wills that everyone should be recipients of our free
gifts. Great rewards await anyone who gives according to the commandment; for that person is guiltless. A negative return is
given to the one who receives but has no need, for he will pay the penalty for why he received for nothing but greed, and under
examination will be required to divulge everything concerning his choices, and will not be freed from his obligations until
everything owed is paid.
6) On the other hand, the one who is in need and receives is guiltless. Let your gifts rest in in your sweaty hands, until you know
to can discern to whom you should give.
CHAPTER 2
THE SECOND COMMANDMENT: GROSS SIN FORBIDDEN
1) This is the second commandment of the Teaching;
2) You must not murder; nor given to adultery; nor molest children; nor practice immorality; nor theft; nor a practicioner of black
magic; nor a practicioner of witchcraft; nor a terminator of unborn children; nor any sort of infanticide; nor one who unlawfully
seek to take ownership of your neighbor's possessions,
3) You must not commit perjury nor be given over to false testimony, nor speak evil, nor hold grudges.
4) You must not be deceitful nor fickle; for to be fickeled is a snare of death.
5) Your speech must never be false, nor meaningless, but confirmed by action.
6) You must never be greedy, nor accumulate riches, nor a hypocrite, nor malicious, nor arrogant; nor given over to plot evil
against your neighbor.
7) You must not hate anyone; but some you must correct, and pray for others, and some you must love even more than your
own life.
CHAPTER 3
OTHER SINS FORBIDDEN
1) My child, turn away from everything evil, even from anything that resembles it.
2) Control your anger, for anger leads to murder. Control your jealousy, and do not bicker, nor be hot-tempered, for all these
these things are the roots of murder.
3) My child, don't entertain lust in your heart; for lust leads to immorality. Do not be foul-mouthed, nor allow your eyes to
roam; for all these are the roots of adultery.
4) My child, do not practice any part of omens, because this leads to idolatry. Do not practice enchantment, nor self-centered
astrology, nor black magic, nor join with those who exhibit these things; for these all lead to idolatry.
5) My child, do not lie because lying lead to theft. Do not accumulate selfish wealth, nor build conceit because these all lead to
theft.
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6) My child, do not grumble because this leads to blasphemy. Do not be arrogant nor evil-minded because all of these lead to
blasphemy.
7) Rather, be meek for they will inherit the Land of Promise.
8) Be humble, patient, merciful, gentle and good, always showing proper respect and reverence for that which you have heard.
9) Never seek self-exaltation, nor be over-confident in your own self. You must not be joined with the worldly upper class, but
with the righteous and humble.
10) Whatsoever things that happen to you should be taken as good, after all we know that nothing happens apart from God.
CHAPTER 4
VARIOUS PRECEPTS
1) My child, every night and day remember those who teach you; and you must honor him.
2) And you must daily seek the companionship of the saints, so that you may find support in their words.
3) Never cause division, but be an arbitor to those who quarrel. Always judge righteously, never showing partiality when
mediating transgressions.
4) Always stand firm in your decisions.
5) Don't be a habitual receiver, ever reluctant in generosity.
6) If you've earned something through work, your giving will be weighed as a ransom against your sins.
7) You must not hesitate to give, nor grumble afterwards, for one day you will face the reward of the Paymaster.
8) Never turn away those in need, but always share all things with your brother, and never say that your possessions exclusively
your own, because if you share in eternal things, how much more in things that are temporary!
9) Never neglect your responsibilities concerning your son and daughter, but always teach them from their youth proper respect.
10) Never give orders in anger to your servant or maid, especially if their hope is the same, lest they are provoked to lose respect
for God who is over you both. For He doesn't come to people based on their appearance or reputation, but to the ones whom the
Spirit has prepared.
11) And your servants must be subject to your own masters in respect and fear.
12) You must hate all hypocrisy and everything that is not positive.
13) Never turn away from practicing the commandments and always guard what you have received, being careful to never add to
or take away from anything that was received.
14) In the assembly you should confess your transgressions, and be careful to never approach your prayer with an evil
conscience. This is the way of life.
CHAPTER 5
THE WAY OF DEATH
1) The way of death is this: First of all, it is evil and cursed: full of murders, adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries,
magical arts, witchcrafts, robberies, false testimonies, hypocrisy, deceit, arrogance, depravity, self-will, greed, filthy talk, jealous,
over-confidence, false-pride, boastful;
2) Persecutors of all things good, hating truth, loving lies, ignorant of the reward for righteousness, not clinging to good nor
righteous judgment, being drawn to evil rather than good; from whom gentleness and endurance are distanced, loving vanities,
chasing temporary reward, having no mercy for the poor, not working for the afflicted, not knowing their Creator, murderers of
children, destroyers of creation, turning away from the needy, oppressing the afflicted, prejudiced in favor of the rich and against
the poor, utterly sinful. Children, may all of you be delivered from all these abominations.
CHAPTER 6
AGAINST FALSE TEACHERS, AND FOOD OFFERED TO IDOLS
1) Be on your guard for many would like to lead you away from the way of the Teaching, for their priorities have no regard.
2) If you are able to bear the yoke, you will be perfect; but if you can't, you should make your best effort.
3) And concerning food, eat what is right but guard that you never eat that which is sacrificed to idols, for that is recognized as
worship of the dead.
CHAPTER 7
CONCERNING BAPTISM
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