Church and State in 21st Century Britain: The Future of Church Establishment

269 Pages·2009·0.887 MB·English

by  R. M. Morris (eds.)

Church and State in 21st
Century Britain
The Future of Church Establishment
Edited by
R.M. Morris
Church and State in 21st Century Britain
This page intentionally left blank
Church and State in 21st
Century Britain
The Future of Church Establishment
Editedby
R. M. Morris
SeniorHonoraryResearchFellow,ConstitutionUnit,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,
UniversityCollegeLondon,UK
Editorialmatter,selection,introductionandconclusion©R.M.Morris2009
Allremainingchapters©respectiveauthors2009
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-55511-2
Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthispublication
maybemadewithoutwrittenpermission.
Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmittedsave
withwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence
permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,Saffron
House,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS.
Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublicationmay
beliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages.
Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis
workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Firstpublished2009by
PALGRAVEMACMILLAN
PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited,
registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke,
HampshireRG216XS.
PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC,
175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010.
PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies
andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld.
Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates,
theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries.
ISBN 978-1-349-36399-5 ISBN 978-0-230-23437-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230234376
Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully
managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing
processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe
countryoforigin.
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Churchandstatein21stcenturyBritain:thefutureofchurch
establishment/editedbyR.M.Morris.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1. ChurchofEngland—Establishmentanddisestablishment. 2.
Establishedchurches—GreatBritain—History. 3. GreatBritain—
Churchhistory. 4. Establishedchurches—Scandinavia. 5.
Scandinavia—Churchhistory. I.Morris,R.M.,1937–
BX5157.C4782009
322’.10941090511—dc22
2008052856
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
Contents
Tables viii
Preface ix
Glossary xi
Contributors xiii
1. Introduction:MappingtheIssues 1
Theschemeofthebook 5
PartI:EstablishmentinGreatBritainnow 15
2. EstablishmentinEngland:MainDevelopmentssince1800 17
Thenandnow 17
Thecourseofchange 19
Fromreligioustolerationtoreligiousfreedom 20
Statewithdrawalandexpansion 22
Institutionalbalance–thecaseofeducation 22
Institutionalintervention 27
Institutionalseparation 28
3. MonarchyandLegislature 34
Monarchy 34
Legislature 40
4. Executive,JudiciaryandtheLegatinePowers 47
Executive 47
Judiciary 57
Legatinejurisdiction 59
ANNEX:HowickandvanStraubenzeeCommittees 59
5. FinancingEstablishmentinEngland 61
Directfunding 61
HistoricsubventionsinEngland 64
Currentsourcesofstatefunding 67
Churchbuildings 68
Indirectfunding 70
Conclusions 75
v
vi Contents
6. EstablishmentinScotland 76
Background 76
PositionoftheCrown 77
Secessionsandreunions 78
ImplicationsforChurchandstateinEngland 82
TheChurchofScotlandand‘establishment’ 83
ArticlesDeclaratoryoftheConstitutionof
theChurchofScotland 87
7. RecentDevelopmentsinChurch/StateRelations
inScotland 91
MarjoryMacLean,FrankCranmerandScotPeterson
Introduction 91
ThePercycaseanditsaftermath 93
AstonCantlowandPercy:changingstatusbydegrees? 100
Conclusion 105
PartII:Disestablishments 109
8. DisestablishmentinIrelandandWales 111
JohnLucas(withBobMorris)
Introduction 111
WhatestablishmentmeantinIrelandandWales 111
Ireland 112
Wales 117
Thetwodisestablishmentsinperspective 125
9. Church/StateRelationsinScandinavia 127
FrankCranmer
Lutheranismandthe‘folk-church’ 127
Theindividualchurches 130
ThegovernanceoftheChurch 134
Conclusion:differentbutthesame? 147
PartIII:PolicyAnalysis 151
10. TheConditionofModernBelief 153
Religiousobservance 154
Explainingthechanges 162
Howirreversible? 169
Implicationsforchurch/staterelations 171
Contents vii
11. Establishment:TheStateofOpinion 173
Ancientdisestablishmentarianism 173
ModernAnglicandisestablishmentarianism 174
Disestablishmentarianismelsewhere 176
Parliamentandestablishment 178
Establishmentarianism 181
PartIV:EstablishmentFutures 191
12. TheHigherArchitecture 193
Disestablishment 193
Conclusion 211
13. ThePoliticalRepresentationofReligion 212
Religionandthelegislature–general 212
TheChurchofEnglandbishops 218
14. TowardsaNewBalance 226
Ecclesiasticallawandcourts 226
RepealoftheEnablingAct1919 228
Chaplaincies 229
Legatinepowers 230
Re-establishment 230
Viewingtheoptions–thestatesman 234
Viewingtheoptions–theChurchofEngland 236
Conclusion 237
Notes 242
Bibliography 247
Index 258
Tables
5.1 Majorsourcesofrepairfundsin2002 70
5.2 ChurchofEnglandchaplaincies2006 71
5.3 EstimatedChurchofEnglandchaplaincy
capitationcosts2005 72
5.4 ReligionsofsentencedprisonersEnglandandWales
September2006 73
9.1 ComparativecharacteristicsofScandinavian
statechurches 148
10.1 PopulationofGreatBritainbyreligionin000s,Census
April2001 154
10.2 CurrentreligioninScotland,Census2001 155
10.3 PastandprojectedSundayattendancefor
England1979–2015 157
10.4 PastandprojectedSundayattendanceofmain
EnglishandScottishChristiandenominations1990–2025 158
10.5 RitesofpassageandtheChurchofEngland 160
14.1 RevisingChurchestablishment 238
viii
Preface
ThisstudygrewoutofworkinitiatedintheConstitutionUnit,Depart-
ment of Political Science, University College London. The first stage
of the project, an examination of the origins and present meaning of
establishment, was assisted by grants from the Joseph Rowntree Chari-
tableTrustandwhatwasthentheDepartmentforConstitutionalAffairs
and resulted in the publication of Church and State: A Mapping Exer-
cise (2006). The unit used the material gathered during the mapping
exercisetogetherwithotherpaperstohelpinformdiscussionatasemi-
nar held under Chatham House rules at St Katharine’s, Limehouse, in
July 2006. The subsequent publication – Church and State: Some Reflec-
tions on Church Establishment in England (2008) – consists largely of
papers circulated for the Limehouse seminar. Material from both pre-
vious publications and the seminar has been further developed for
thiswork.
This book is, like its predecessor publications, the work of several
hands. Its aim is to help inform current discussion about the future of
the relationship between the two established churches in the United
Kingdomandthestate.
In addition to recognizing the help received most immediately from
theothercontributorstothepresentstudy,otheracknowledgementsare
due.TheDirectoroftheConstitutionUnit,ProfessorRobertHazell,has
been unfailing in his continuing support during the protracted life of
theundertaking.FrankCranmer,inadditiontothematerialwithinand
withwhichheisdirectlyidentified,hasnotonlymadehisconsiderable
knowledgeofChurchaffairsandlawunstintinglyavailableatalltimes
butalsoassistedbycommentingonmuchmaterialindraft.Muchvalued
help has also been given at various times and in various ways by Mark
Glover,IainMcLean,ChrisMoses,ScotPeterson,RichardPringandVicki
Spence.
ItshouldalsobenotedthattheauthoritiesoftheChurchesofEngland
andScotlandhaveatalltimesbeenopenandresponsivetorequestsfor
information.
Iamverygratefultothemall. Unlesstheyhavecontributeddirectly,
noneofthesesourcesis,however,inanywayresponsibleforthecontent
ix