Chronicle of the Roman emperors: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers of Imperial Rome

244 Pages·1995·21.32 MB·English

by  Christopher Scarre

CHRISSC ARRE
THER EIGN-By-RERIEGCNO RDO FT HE
RULERSO FI MPERIRAOLM E
CHRONICLET HE
OF
ROMA.E MPERORS
THER EIGN-By-RERIEGCNO RDO FT HE
RULERSO FI MPERIARLO ME
CHRISS CARRE
Whatd ow e knowo ft hel iveasn dp ersonaloi(t ies
the8 0e mperowrhso r eignefdr omA ugustutsot he
falolf R ome?C hronoiftc lhReeo maEnm periosr s
thef irbsoto kt of ocuosn t hes uccessoifor nu leorfs
imperiRaolm e,u sintgi melinaensd o thevri sual
aidtsh roughoNuotw. n oo nen eedb ei na nyd oubt
ast ow ho builtth eC olosseuomrw henR omew as
sackebdy theG othst:h eC hronpircolvied tehse
answerqsu,i ckalnyd a uthoritatively.
Thisi so nlyo nea spechto,w eveor,ft heb ook's
valuTeh.e b iographpiocratlr aoiftt hse S 6p rincipal
emperorfsr omA ugustutsoC onst atni net,o gether
witha concludisnegc tioonn thel ateerm perors,
builidn taoh ighlrye adabslien gle-vohliusmteo orfy
imperiRaolm e.C olourfcuoln temporjaurdyg ments
by writesrusc ha sS uetoniaunsd T acituasr eb al­
ancebdy j udicicohuasr acatsesr essmemnatdse i n
the liogfhm to dernr esearTchhe.f amouasn dt he
infamou-s Caligualnad ClaudiuTsr,a jaann d
Caracal-lrae ceitvhee ir due, lewshsinelarem es
emergcel earflryo mt hes hadowfso trh ef irtsitm e.
Ina ddititoont imelindeest ailmianjgo re vents,
eache mperoirsi ntrodubcyea dc oipno rtraaib tu,s t
anda d atafliilset iknegyi nformatsiuocnh,a sn ame
atb irtfhu,li lm peritailt laensd,p lacaen dm anneorf
deathN.u meroussp ecifaela tures supptlheem ent
mainn arrative.
Chronoifct lheRe o maEnm periosar tso ncea
bookt ob ee njoyaesdp opulhairs toarnye ,s sential
worko fr eferenacned-, w ithi twsi de-rangpihnog­
tOgraphmsa,p sa ndd iagra-msa s ourcoef v isual
in piratiborni,n gitnolg i foen eo ft hem ostp ower­
ful and influenteimapli retsh ew orldh ase ver
known.
With3 28i llustraItIiIoi nnsc ,ol our
ON THE JACKET
IT (letfort i gbbuts)to:sft hee mperoLrusc iuVse ruCso,n stantine
= AnwninuPsi usP.h otocso urteosfIy l eafntdr igTbrtu)s teoefts h e
BritiMsuhs euml;c enMtirceh)aDe uli gan.
_..cL photocso urteosfMy i chaDeuli gaenx,c erpti gtbotap,n dr igbt,
secofnrdo bmo ttoJomh,Gn .R oss.
CHRONIOCFLT EH ER OMAENM PERORS
..,.

CHRISSC ARRE
THER EIGN-ByR-ERCEOIROGDFNT HE
RULEORFSI MPERRIOAMLE
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
328
INC OLOUR
111
�
(@J
THAMEASN DH UDSON
CONTENTS
ToJ udith
AuthoNro'tse
Is houllidtk oet hank alwlh o those
havhee lpientd h per eparoaft itohni s
boonko,t aPbrloyf essoWri lRsoogne,r pag6e-7s
DrR ogBelra fnodhr i hse lipnc hecking Preface:
thceo idnr awianngadsb oavlel
ImpeLriivaels
ProfessorB iArnfltoehhryoi ndsye tailed
anidn valucaobmlmee nts. tNoe edless
say, any faultasrt ewh hei ch remain
pag8e-1s3
authoarl'osn e.
Itnr oduction:
ThBea ckgrtooEu mnpdi re
p.1 2T heP rincTiepxatlSu oaulr ces
p.1 3A GuideI mtpoe rTiiatll es
(Half-Otniyctxla em)eo oft hReo man
eagwliet,sh y mboolfvs i ctloarftyie,r st
centBuCrK.y u nsthistorisches Museum, pag1e4-s8 3
Vienna.
THEF IRESMTP ERORS
(FrontiAsupgiuescttehu)es ,f irst
emperoRro moesf,h owinnt huen iform
ofaR omagne neVraatli.c an Museum. 31B C-AD9 6
Thee mpieIset ablbiyAs uhugesdt uthsae;c hieveamnedn ts
Any coofp yt hiiss sbuboeyotd kh e eccentroifhc iisstu icecsre ssfr somoT iberituoDs o mtiian
publiassahp earp eribssa oclksd u bject
tot hceo nditthiaiotstn h anlolbt y way
oft raodroe t herbweil seen t, resold, Special Features
hiroeudot r o thercwiirsceu lated
withtohuet publpiriscohoren rs'ieSnn t
anfyo rm of obrci onvdeirn gto htahne r pp2.2 -3M onumenotfaDs y nasty
thatw hiinci ht p uibsl iasnhde d pp4.6 -7 ClaudtihuBesu ilder
withaos uitm icloanrd iitnicolnu ding
thewsoer dbse iinmgp osoenad pp5.2- 3 NeroG'osl dHeonu se
subseqpuuerncth aser. pp7.0 -1T heC olosseum
pp7.8 -9 The New Palace
© 199T5h amaensHd u dsLotnd ,
London
Tex©t 1 99C5h rSicsa rre
AlRli ghRtess erNvoep da.ro tft his
publicmaatybi eor ne prodourc ed pag8e4s-1 57
transmiinat ntfyeo dr omr abnyy
THE HIGPHO INTO FE MPIRE
meanesl,e ctorrmo encich anical,
inclupdhiontgo croepcyo,ro drai nnyg
othienrf ormsattoiroaanng rdee trieval AD 96-235
system, pwriitpoheror umti sisni on Trajanwa'rsHs a,d ritarna'vsae nldts h mee dittiaoonfMs a rcus
writfirnogtm h peu blisher.
Aureliuisn;f atmChoaeur sa caanldtl hafe l amboEylaangta balus
BritLiisbhr aryg uCiantga-lion­
PublicDaattiao n SpecFieaalt ures
A catalroegcuofero dr thiiss book
availfarbotlmhe Be r itLiisbhr ary
pp9.2 -3T rajaCno'lsu mn
ISB0N- 500-05077-5 pp1.02 -3H adriBauni'lsd ings
Prinatnebddo unidn Slobvye nia pp1.36 -7 SevetrhuBesu ilder
Mladinska Knjiga pp1.40 -1T heB atohfsC aracalla
pag1e58s- 221
CRISISR ENEWAL
AND
AD 235-337
Valerciaapnt ubryte hdPe e sriatnhsGe;a llsiecp atriasstusbu ded;
Dioclenteiwain m'pse roiradleC ro;n stagnitvitenhseee m pirnee wa
reloingC,ih rtiisanaintdayn ,e wc apitaClo ncsitttiaynn,o ple
Augustus
SpecFieaalt ures
pp1.67 -7 TheG allEimcp ire
pp1.8 -01 Palmyra
pp2.0 45- Buildoiftn hges NEemwp ire
p.21 9C onstanantRdio nmee
)
pag2e2s-2 232
Caligula
THE LEAMPSETR ORS
AD 337-476
Thee mpiirspe e rmatnledyni vidGeodt;ha snd Vahndarartlyhs e
Romawne tst;h cei toyfR omfea ltloAs l artihcle;a wsets etrn
emperRoormu,l uAsu gustaublduisc,ia nt e4s7 6
AD
SeptiSmeivuesr us
pag2e3s3 -234
Select Bibliography
pag2e3 5
Illusatnrda tion
TexCtr edits
pag2e3s6 -240
Diocletian
Index
6 PREFACE
WhicRho man emtpherreoart teon emdah kiheso rasc eo nsWuhli?c h
toopka ritnn of ewtehra 7n3 5g ladiatoriaWla sHc aodmrbiraaetnas l?l y
PREFACE:
ah omosuea?xlT hep ersaolnitoifte hsme e nw hog overtnheRedo man
IMPERIALLIV ES empihraev nee vceera steofd a scilnaatteer generations. From Augustus
toC ontsat ni nteh,ee m piwraes rbuyls eodm5 e4 ' canoneimcpaelr'o rs,
notto m entiaho ons otfr ivaanlrdse bwehlos clatihmieem dp ertiiatll e,
antdh esiurc cesstohrdesi voiefdm epdi re.
Contempowrrairtryee rlsi sthhoeepd p orttuond iitugyp s currilous
anedx travtaaglaaenbsto tuhte iimrp ersiuablj ehcotwCs a:l igdurlaan k
peardliss soilnvv eidna erg, hoowrN ersoe ducheidos w nm other.
Chriswtriiatnpe rrosv girduee saocmceo uonftt hsde e atohfes m perors
whop ersectuhteemad,se videonfc ed ivveinngee aonfGc ael:e rfiours ,
instancea,w abeyya a th eind edoiusse oarso efV, a lenr,fi laayedb ya live
thPee rsiCahnrso.n oifct lhReeo maEnm perporress etnhteassn eod t her
colouarcfcuolu anspt asro tft hseu rviving beuvttia dkeaec nsrc iet,i cal
approFaocwrhe .a rneo wa blbee tttehrae nv ebre fotrode i sntguiish
betwefeanac ntfd i ction,t hbseec tawn-edmeaonln georfwi rnigt seurcsh
BusotfT raj(aAD9n 8-11i7no) l adg e. asS uetoannitduh sre e saulb stoafnt chieem peraicahli eveImnednete.d
Oneo ft hger eaatnemdso ts rte nownewde m usnto fto rgtehtaw th,a tetvheerii nrd ivifdauiallit nhgemsse,en
ofR omaenm perTorrasj,pa uns htehde
andt heoifrf icsiuasltsaa inne emdp isrter etcfhrioBnmrg i ttaoit nh e
frontoifte hreesm pitrote h ewiird est
exteAnrtc.h aeolMougsiecuaml, Sahaarnafd r otmh e Attloat nh.J;.teui pch rfaotorev se4 r00 y ears.
Ankara. Whewn et alokf eemrpowres aursei ng the veryb ywt ohred invented
Roman'sI.m perwaatsto hre' cryb yrt ahilese geidto on ss aal ute
victogreinoeuIsrtw aa ls. ctrhwyeh icghr eeetaecdeh m peroonr
hiasc cesTshieosmnee. n w erneo mte remliyil talreya dheorws­,
evebru,at l spoo litibcuiialndse,rh su� aannddCs h.r oniocfl e
thReo maEnm peraosrsse esasceohsft heassep edcettsa,i l­
indgy nasstqiuca bbflaemsii,ln yt riagnutdeh ste,r ou­
bleqdu estoifo nr elatitohness e nwaittthehe,
peopwlheo d,e sptihtreei soef empesrtoirlsl,
felt ittwh aastt h ey swhhoou glodv etrhne
state.
Somoef t hmeo sfta momuosn umeonft s
ancient aRroem el inked with imperial
nametsh:e BoafCt ahrsa ctahlAelr ac,oh f
ConstantTirnaej,a nC'osl umna nd
HadriaVni'lslt ao,n ameb uta few.
Buildpirnogj ienct thpser ovinces likewise
beatrh set amopfi ndividualt heem perors:
grebaatt ahtsC arthHaagder,i Waanl'ilsn
BritaainndC, o nstannteinwce a'psi atta l
Constant(imnoodpeIlrnse t aln)Bb.uu ildings
aroen em aterligeaalc mYoir eev ocasttiivle l
aret hep ortrtahiatatsl louws rteoc ognize
emperaosri sn diviIdmupaelrsi.a l rsacruellpyt ors
emploayr eeda lism which dsihsotwiendg utihsehierd
subjewcatrsta sn da lbIuit btehsept o rtraaricetl se arly
IMPERILAILV E7 S
IAboTvieb)e rliA1uD4s - 3t7h)e,
efficbiusteo nmte wghraitam n d
gloosmuyc ceosfAs uogru swthuos ,
eventuwailtdlhryet wot hies loafn d
Caprgii,v irnigts oem ucshp eculation
about sdeexpuraailvnh i itvsyi ltlhae re.
JIRgihtC)o mmodluAs1D 0 8-129)h as
gone dionhw ins taosarm yo nstaenadr
megalomawnhioda ecl,i gihnpt leady ing
thgel adiianft rooron ftt h aes sembled
Romapno pulace.
takferno lmi faenpd,r ovaindi em poratdadnitt iinosniawglhh itch he lps
us steote h elsoen g-deaadsr erpauell oeprlse .
Alscoo nsidiestr heredo lee mopfe raosra su thoarnsdt, h ceu ltural
liofvee wrh icthh epyr esiTdheeMd e.d itaotfiM oanrscA uusr elairues
welkln owbnu,st e veortahlee mrp erhoarvsle e ufstf ragmeonftt hse ir
liertaoruyt pWueth .a vaep oebmy H adrisaonmjle i nferso tmh seo ng
Nersoa nwgh iRloem eb urnaesdw ,e lalsl ettferroTsmr ajIantn h.e se
writitnhegems p ersopreswa ikt thh eoiwrnv oice.
Anothceorm peltlhienmtgeh aetm ergiests h vea riaenddc omplex
roloefw omeinnt hiem perhioauls ehaosml odt:h esriss,tw eirvsae,ns d
mistreMsasneyws e.r mea jofri guirnte hse oiwrnr igLhitv.i a, wife of
Augustiuscs r,e dwitietpdho isoanw ihnogl e seproiteesns tuoicfac le s­
sortsot hiem pertiharloi nne ortodm eark teh wea yc lefaorhr e orw n
soTni berAigursi.p apitntae mpttore udlR eo met hrouhgehr Nseorno .
Earilnyt hteh icredn tutrwyoS yrian princesmsaensa geefdf ectively
affaoifsr tsa te twhheeim lpee rEolra gabianlduusli gnre edl igainodu s
sexueaxlc esses.
Herteh einsa h istoofRr oym aes s eetnh routghlhei vreesl,a tionships
anadc hieveomfie tnrstu sl eIrncs o.u ntwlaeysfssr, o rmo aadnsdc ities
tol awlsa,n guaangldeie str attuhreeem ,p itrheec yr eaftuendd amentally
shaptehdce h araocftE eurr opaen,du ltimattheRele yn aissaanndc e
modern worlds.
8 INTRODUCTION
Romew asa ne mpilroenb ge foirthe a d eamnp erAno re.m periostr h e
indivwihdouw aile lsdusp repmoew earnej m pihroew,e viesars ,e roife s
INTRODUCTION:
territwoerlidieensdta os ingulneib typ olitical amnidg hImtti. l itary
THEB ACKGROUNDc onsoifsac t osr tee rriptloucrsoy n queprreodv ionrcd eesp endeInnc ies.
thisse nsteh,e Roemmapni orreii ngatientd h teh icredn tBuCrIy.nt he
TOE MPIRE
sixctehn tuRroym,eh abde eanm ercei ty-Bsytt ahtee .oe ftn hdte h ird
cenutryi,tc ontrotlhlee dw hoofIl teaa lnydh adt akepno ssesosfi on
Sic,ii ltfysi rosvte rsperaonsvc ieT.h iasc quissietatti roenan ndd, during
thlea tswto cenBtCaus ruicecssei oonfn ewp roviwnecreaesd deudn,t il
byt htei moefA ugustthuReso man emsptirreetf crhoemd A tthlea ntic
int hwee sttot hSey ridaens eirntt h eea satn,fd r otmh Nei lcea taracts
\
tot heo rtShe aT.h iwsa sw ithoquute stai ognr eemapti bruettj h e
officReo moaefnm perdoirnd o atp peuanrtt ihl2e 0 BsC a,r ose ao ut of
partipcoulliatcrir ciaaslniw dsa ,se ssenttihcaerl elayto ifAo ung utsus.
Accordtiotn rga dictoinofni,rb myae rdc haeoRloomgewy a,sa lready
ove7r0 0 yoelawdrh se Anu gusctaumste op oweFro.tr h fei rtswto cen­
turiores sot hcei twya sr ulbeydk ingIsn5. 1 B0C t hlea osftt hkei ngs,
Tarquinius wSausep xepreblaulnsed,d ,R boemcea amr ee publiac . After
seroiefcs o nstitaudtjiuonsatlmp eonwtecsra mteo r esjto initntl hye
handosft he seanc aotuen,c ille aodfi ng citibzybe inrsat nhcd h osen
ranakn,di nt he assoeftm hbpele yo pcloem,p oosfea dlf lr emea lcei ti­
zenTsh.es enaptreo vitdhesede nimoarg istorfta htreee pubilniccl,u d­
intgh tew oc onswuhlosw ereel ecetaecdyh e aTrh.ea ssemobftl hye
peophlaedt heoiwrn r epresentattriivbeusn,e stt,hh eeow rheot ically
hatdh peo wetrov eto laengyi slIawtta isoo nn t.th oit sr aditcioonnsatli ­
tutitohnat thp eo sitoifeo mnp erwoarsg r taefd.
Theu neasy balantchepe o bweeotrftw hepeee no palnetd h peo weorf
thsee natteo s leerdip oruosb ldeumrsit nhgle a csetn toufrt yhR eo man
repubTlhielc e.a dfiinggu rtehsse t irnu gwgelraeel sle natbourstso ,m e
Them urdoefJr u lCiauess ina 4r4B C tootkh pea rotft hper operctliaeswdsh eisol teh esrosu gthoit n crease
provildeesdsf ornoswmh icOhc tavian
(tfhuet uermep erAourg usctouusl)d their bpyoc whearm piotnhicena gu osfet hceo mmopne opAltet .h e
leawrnh efnr amhiinosgw n samtei mteh,re e sponsiobfgi olvietrninigaeg sr owionvge rseemapsi re
constitsuettitolneamle nt.
placaem da josrt raointn h ter aditaidomnianalit sitavrrer gaenments.
Thes uccoefsR so mea'rsm igeasvu en precedpeonwteteroad s eroife s
leadgiennge rfailrsMs:at r iutsh,e Snu lltah,eP no mpeayn dJ ulius
CaesCaern.t rarluilzweei,dt h governtmhehena tn odisfon n mea nw,a s
perhtahpiesn eviotuatbcloetm heoe,n lwya yo fr estopreianacgne sd t a­
bilitayne mtpoi rriev beync ivfielu bdest weoevne r-miggehnteyr als.
Bucte ntrarluildzeien ddo atr iwsiet hoiutotsw np rolobnigretdh -pangs.
By5 0B Ct hpeo litqiuceaslth iaordne solivtesldea lrfg ienltryoi valry
betwePeonm pe'yt Ghree anto'wt, h e deoffes nedneart aourtihaolr ity at
Romea,n dJ ulius wChaohe asda r,cj ousmtp lettheed conoqfGu aeuslt
andh ada powerafrumlya th is bIna c49k B.C C aescarro stsehde
Rubicaonndi nvaIdteadpl uyr,s uPionmgp eayn dh issu pporttote hres
Balkans twhheeyr dewe efreea attte hdBe a totflPe h arsianlJ uusn e the
folloyweianCrga. e sbaerc admiec tator, abosfRo olmuet,e bruutl er
faitloee sdt abhlipisos whe orna na cceptfaoboltei nwga saa snsda ssinat-