Chronic Rhinosinusitis: The mucosal concept PDF
Preview Chronic Rhinosinusitis: The mucosal concept
Chronic Rhinosinusitis The Mucosal Concept Luo Zhang Claus Bachert Editors 123 Chronic Rhinosinusitis Luo Zhang • Claus Bachert Editors Chronic Rhinosinusitis The Mucosal Concept Editors Luo Zhang Claus Bachert Department of Otorhinolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology Beijing Tongren Hospital Ghent University Beijing, China Ghent, Belgium ISBN 978-981-16-0783-7 ISBN 978-981-16-0784-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0784-4 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and People’s Medical Publishing House, PR of China 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease, causing symptoms and impacting on quality of life of patients. Since 1980s, we have learned to understand CRS as a physical problem, a problem of drainage and ventila- tion, of ciliary activity to clean the sinuses. The proposed surgical approach by Messerklinger and Stammberger as well as Wigand and Hosemann incor- porated these ideas, and many authors and guidelines adopted it. This approach was right in great parts, but did not yet appreciate the fact that sinus disease is so variable, and immunology does play a significant role much more than anticipated at that time point. It is clear today that the Messerklinger technique does not work in severe type 2 nasal polyposis, and one needs a better understanding of the immunology of the disease—and consequently the recognition of endotypes—to be able to address the diversity of CRS disease and tailor management and therapy to a variety of very different dis- ease endotypes. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of CRS has devel- oped from a physical problem to a mucosal problem. Today, with the advent of biologics specifically for type 2 disease and specific surgical approaches for severe recurrent nasal polyposis, a differen- tiation of CRS into endotypes is overly due. These approaches are currently tailored for the severe nasal polyp patient, who so far found no or little sup- port in the current guidelines for diagnosis, understanding of disease, let alone treatment. This will change within very few years, as we saw in severe asthma with great benefits for the patients formerly left untreated due to lack of understanding but also availability of treatment approaches. Today, we do see the benefits of biologics, offering great advantages to severe airway dis- ease patients when properly endotyped; for asthma, these medications are life-saving and allowing the patient to live a normal life without limitations and the society to regain an active member. It is due time to adapt these prin- ciples also for CRS, often characterized by comorbidities such as asthma, but often by itself limiting the performance of patients and their quality of life to a great deal. The adaptation of endotypes should make a great difference to this dilemma. Surgical techniques responding to those needs also need to be further developed, adopted for the different needs of the patients according to their pheno- but specifically endotype. In any case, the ENT surgeon will need to learn immunology, to understand disease endotypes, to master diag- nosis and advanced treatment options for a larger spectrum of disease. The biologics will support this development, by supporting the endotyping and offering so far unexperienced treatment possibilities for the patients most v vi Preface suffering at the moment and hopeless so far. For them with the highest unmet needs, the new development will bring the long-awaited relief. This “mucosal concept” is the reason to write a new book for guidance of our colleagues who struggle to cure and appropriately treat our severe CRS patients. Ghent, Belgium Claus Bachert Beijing, China Luo Zhang 9 June 2020 Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Claus Bachert and Luo Zhang 2 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Xiangdong Wang, Ming Zheng, and Luo Zhang 3 Quality of Life and Psychological Burden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Eduardo Lehrer, Mauricio López-Chacón, Isam Alobid, and Joaquim Mullol 4 Genetics and Epigenetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Jingyun Li, Luo Zhang, and Yuan Zhang 5 Involvement of the Immune System in Airways Disease . . . . . . . 31 Wei Wang and Ying Sun 6 T Cells and Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Atsushi Kato and Robert P. Schleimer 7 B Cells and Plasma Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Siobhan Ward, Zeynep Celebi Sözener, and Mübeccel Akdis 8 Eosinophils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Elien Gevaert 9 Neutrophils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Elien Gevaert 10 Remodeling Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Lili Shi and Zheng Liu 11 Nasal Mucociliary Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Jian Jiao and Luo Zhang 12 Sinonasal Epithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Michael Soyka and Cezmi A. Akdis 13 Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Mahboobeh Mahdavinia and Robert P. Schleimer vii viii Contents 14 Staphylococcus aureus and Its Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Goran Abdurrahmanm and Barbara M. Bröker 15 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Feng Lan and Luo Zhang 16 Environmental and Allergic Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Changyu Qiu and Lei Cheng 17 Dysfunctional Immune Regulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Jinmei Xue, Pingchang Yang, and Changqing Zhao 18 Chronic Rhinosinusitis with and Without Nasal Polyps . . . . . . . 157 Bradley F. Marple 19 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Fenghong Chen, Matthew W. Ryan, and Bradley F. Marple 20 Type 2 Immune Reactions and Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Claus Bachert 21 Regional Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Kun Du and Xiangdong Wang 22 Multimorbidities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 David Bedoya, Cristóbal Langdon, Isam Alobid, José Antonio Castillo, and Joaquim Mullol 23 Clinical Diagnosis and Phenotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Kevin Hur and Robert C. Kern 24 Imaging the Anatomic Landmarks for Safe FESS . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Simion James Zinreich and Sachin K. Gujar 25 Olfactory Function Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Meritxell Valls-Mateus, Franklin Mariño-Sánchez, Isam Alobid, Concepció Marin, and Joaquim Mullol 26 Local and Systemic Biomarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Nan Zhang 27 Benign Tumors of the Nose and Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen 28 Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Chengshuo Wang, Siyuan Ma, and Luo Zhang 29 Malignant Tumors of the Nose and Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen and Isam Alobid 30 Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis: View from Europe . . . . . . . . . 267 Thibaut van Zele 31 Pediatric Chronic Sinusitis: View from China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Jingying Ma and Bing Zhou Contents ix 32 Wegener’s Granulomatosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Jichao Sha and Dongdong Zhu 33 IgG4-Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Yingshi Piao 34 Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Yujie Cao and Huabin Li 35 Oral Corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Chengshuo Wang, Yifan Meng, and Luo Zhang 36 Nasal Spray Corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Yujie Cao, Huabin Li, and Dehui Wang 37 Nebulization Corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Chengshuo Wang, Yifan Meng, and Luo Zhang 38 Steroid-Eluting Stent Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Chengshuo Wang, Longgang Yu, and Luo Zhang 39 Steroid Infiltrated Packing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Yueqi Sun and Jianbo Shi 40 Corticosteroids Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Yujie Cao, Dehui Wang, and Huabin Li 41 Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Rui Zheng, Tian Yuan, and Qintai Yang 42 Antihistamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Hongfei Lou, Yanran Huang, and Luo Zhang 43 Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Dawei Wu and Yongxiang Wei 44 Decongestant and Nasal Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Xiaoping Lai and Gehua Zhang 45 Probiotics, Bacterial Lysates, and Proton Pump Inhibitors . . . . 361 Luping Zhu and Lei Cheng 46 Impact of Endotyping on the Indication for Surgery . . . . . . . . . 369 Claus Bachert 47 Surgical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Ashleigh Halderman and Bradley F. Marple 48 Reboot Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Claus Bachert 49 Complications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Yi Dong and Bing Zhou 50 Peri-operative Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Jian Li and Weiping Wen x Contents 51 Surgery Outcome and Predictors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Fenghong Chen and Jianbo Shi 52 Biologics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps . . . . . . . . 411 Claus Bachert 53 Integrated Care Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Claus Bachert and Nan Zhang 54 Unmet Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Luo Zhang and Claus Bachert Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
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