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Chronic Disorders in Children and Adolescents PDF

297 Pages·2011·2.8 MB·English
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Chronic Disorders in Children and Adolescents · Mark L. Goldstein Stephen Morewitz Chronic Disorders in Children and Adolescents 123 MarkL.Goldstein StephenMorewitz SheridanRd.,Suite2151893 NoeStreet695 60035HighlandPark 94114SanFrancisco Chicago,IL CA,USA USA [email protected] [email protected] ISBN978-1-4419-9763-0 e-ISBN978-1-4419-9764-7 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-9764-7 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011930096 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofgoing to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Acknowledgments StevewouldliketothankMrs.MyraKalkinMorewitzandDr.HarryA.Morewitz for their advice and support. He would like to thank Ms. Vandana Ganatra for her researchassistance. Markwouldliketothankhiswife,Lisa,forhersupport,understanding,encour- agement,andlove.Hewouldalsoliketothankhischildren,AshleyandJonathan, whoprovidehealthyrolemodels. WewouldalsoliketothankBillTucker,PublicHealthEditoratSpringer,who hasbeensupportive,aswellasthoroughandthoughtful. v ThisisBlankPageIntegra vi Contents 1 Epidemiology,HealthServicesUtilization,andCosts . . . . . . . . 1 GeneticandChromosomalDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CerebralPalsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 AutismSpectrumDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ADHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Psychiatric/BehavioralandEmotionalDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 EatingDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 DiabetesMellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 JuvenileAsthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 JuvenileArthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 HIVandAIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CancerandLeukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Leukemia(30%ofAllPediatricCancers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 BrainandOtherNervousSystem(22.3%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Neuroblastoma(7.3%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Wilms’tumor(5.6%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Non-HodgkinLymphoma(4.5%)andHodgkinLymphoma(3.5%) . 21 Rhabdomyosarcoma(3.1%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Retinoblastoma(2.8%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Osteosarcoma(2.4%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Ewingsarcoma(1.4%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Cancer-RelatedPediatricHealth-CareUtilizationandCosts . . . . . . 22 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 ChromosomalAbnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 DownSyndrome(DS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Prader–WilliSyndrome(PWS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 AngelmanSyndrome(AS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 PatauSyndrome(PS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 EdwardsSyndrome(ES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 CriduChatSyndrome(CdCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Wolf–HirschhornSyndrome(WHS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 vii viii Contents VelocardiofacialSyndrome(VCFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 TurnerSyndrome(TS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 KlinefelterSyndrome(KS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 DevelopmentalDisabilities(DD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 FamilyWell-BeingandSocialFunctioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 TheHealth-CareExperiencesofFamilies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 SchoolProgramsforChildrenwithChromosomalAbnormalities . . . 51 CaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3 Autism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 EmilyStumpf,M.S. EpidemiologyofAutism:IsThereanAutismEpidemic? . . . . . . . . 60 GeneticsofAutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 OtherRiskFactorsAssociatedwithAutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 VaccinesandAutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 PathophysiologyofAutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ComorbiditiesofAutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 PhysicalConditionsAssociatedwithAutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 PsychosocialImpactofAutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 CourseandPrognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 OpportunitiesforIntervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 PharmacologicalInterventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ComprehensivePsychosocialInterventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 DiscreteTrialTraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 TEACCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 The Learning Experiences, an Alternative Program forPreschoolersandTheirParents(LEAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 “FloorTime” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 TheDenverModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 AlternativeTherapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 TheRoleofParents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 HealthCare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4 CerebralPalsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 SymptomsandRiskFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 QualityofLife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Quadriplegia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Contents ix Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 PhysicalTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 SpeechTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 DevicesandGadgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 SurgicalandMedicalInterventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 ParentsandOtherCaregiversofChildrenwithCP . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 CaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5 Attention-DeficitHyperactivityDisorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 ControversiesAboutADHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 ADHDSymptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 ComorbidDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Causes/RiskFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 GeneticFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 EnvironmentalFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 DietFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 SocialandBehavioralFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 AlternativeTheoriesofADHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 ADHDMedications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 BehaviorTreatmentApproaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 ExperimentalApproaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 ADHDChildreninSchool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 CaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6 SensoryIntegrationDysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 ThreeTypesofSID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 HyposensitivityandHypersensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 OtherDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 SensoryIntegrationTreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7 ConductDisorderandOppositionalDefiantDisorder . . . . . . . . 131 DemographicCharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 CausesofCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 ImpactofCDonFamilyFunctioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 CaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

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The rising number of children and adolescents with chronic conditions comprises one of the most significant challenges in health care today—one that needs to be met with tailored research studies, earlier assessment, age-appropriate prevention efforts, effective, targeted treatment, improved compl
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