Chromosome number in the progeny of triploid Gladiolus with special reference to the contribution of the triploid

26 Pages·02.492 MB·English

by  Jones, Robert Edwin

CHBQBQSOIBs StafM IB IHE PB00B8I 01*' 1MPI0ID GUDIOB® BIW
SPgCM. R£F*KESCS TO TKX CWTKIIIJTIOR 0? THE TBXP&3XQ
By
ftebeH S ^’Jbaee
Thesis gaifemittsd to tbs Faculty of the Qra&te&e School
of the University of Havylacid la partial,
fu lfiltoaat of the requireneate for the
degree of Sector of Philosophy
UMI Number: DP70417
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.
UMI
Dissertation Publishing
UMI DP70417
Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
All rights reserved. This work is protected against
unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346
kcn m \M u m ssn
Tha author wiafaae to oxoreas his «««««< «*-<«« to I»r.
-"*► «fc**“W(P nyi*wjwet*pk W1FW '•WBpjpF'tp* *J*» VMWwA KrTBr W* W ^^Sfi^flWlwWiWPW*
Bonfoc*} for b&B of to© pfoislo® aed for Mo m&rlm m&
: <t£r«cti©a dtxrlng to® invm tXgBtim *
m a® of ctanaras
p«g«
nffB orocnw . . .................. 2
RATSIUAIS M® ................ 2
!:S3UI3S At® BMCISSIO'V ............... S
» A ir ........... u
iSIBtKXHUm .......... 32
£:ti£A)Uotigjj
1b a previous report concerning the chromosoma number in 01sd&oiug
(5) and a later om (4) showing the relation of th is factor to tha hy­
bridisation of various specios and varieties, one of the important
object® in vicm has mm tha origin of the present-day coamerclal vari­
eties* That certain ©f the an cles of this gem® were concerned in the
formation, of them type® has long been recognised (6), ami, as ^clean
(51) pointed out some tine ago, certain character* in the commercial
types mmt have cose from the South African specie®. In term® of chro­
mosome number, this means that certain character® of the cosiaercial
tetraplold® have been derived from the South African diploid species*
Whether this transfer was by mean® of amphidtploids, which might hava
been f€«ed spontaneously after hy-^ridlsatlon and then crossed again
with other tetraploida, or whether trlplolds were involved, is a ques­
tion* In the first study (5) It was apparent that trlplolds did occur
among the commercial types and later (4) that the probable origin of
these was fran either a dlploid-tetraplold or reciprocal cross, since
over fifty per cent of such attempts wore successful* Perhaps the most
Important observation in the recent study (4 ), however, was that such
trlplolds m re partially fertile when used a® the seed parent In further
crosace with either of the original parents or with other diploid mod
tetraploid forms*
Although the thought s t ill persist® among many that trlplolds are
ste rile, an examination of the literature reveals that such is not the
case* Progeny have been produced from crosses involving trlp lolds,
mostly as the seed parents, with diploids In apple (11) (54) (15),
Petunia (16), Pr&garis (48), Oenothera (12), Populate (10) (22),
e
m im (s) (is) («5), 2§§ (8°)» Ba&Maa. (« ),, £2M m ( m , sa isss (e)
(59). M M m (40), Qreoi® (85), tow te (2?)#. m d potato (86). It has
®1bq imm .reported that progeny lavs imm produced from <$mmm b@ t»ai
triplets!® end tetraplel&e M M s <*6>* B 3 s» (M ) (IB)# and othese*
It iw li appear then that G lad ioli te not unusual ia this respect*
Preliadbasry Investigations (26) shewed that m% only did thaw
gladiolus trlp lold s, ifeen used as the seed parents#. behave in a fashion
sim ilar to those already reported in the literature (5# IS, 19, SO, 84#
59# 45), but that some other type of ehraaosose belravieur m@ taidag
place* This report present* the ecwsarreaee « d fre^uenosr of these eb~
wr^atldns*
im m i& m ai-’D
ftth the txaeptton of the previouelsr reported triploid Yari®%*
Cbara (1 ), the trlplolds used la th is study « » produced through recip­
rocal crosses between various tetraplotd Mtawrcdal vari© ti« end diploid
spades* feimg the trlplolds a® the female parent, seeds m m obtained
after crossing thoao stth diploid species or &mm diploid hybrids# m&
also with betrspXoid commercial varieties, m noil as some tobrspleid
iiybrfd® produced as the result of previous hybridisation* Borm mms$bm
ill:U0tratiag the parentage of these progeny ere*
£fref* Bander© (SO) x G+hfrsutn® (SO)*) x f o»ti&®tl*§ (SO))
(S*M SllE (®°) * 8w>** loudero (flo)) x fg .ts ls tis (SO) x Qaflatsa (50)5
('ills® BlecBingben (60) x Q#»iaiigtes (SO)) x (Br* idody (60))
[fm £* Bonder® (60) a£jl*triatie (80)) x (60) at
$*£$%mp& (60})
In a ll, ^pi'oxim tcly 500 plants m m obtained, and of these it was pas­
sib le to obtain chromosome count® from 470.

4
poUUm parent# Thin is shorn graphically in plate X, while ihs
ImMm of the triplet*!, when ©rossed with the tetraplkdd as the peSElsa
parent, is shown In Plate II# In plate III the total contri-'mtion in
a ll esses is- sham* tins eosbialrig the twe pwvtoss graphs, ®t»® the
teiplatd psreftt was cmmm to both types of crosses#
TfMu^hocrt the course of the iavestigstioR , observatliast ware m il
to datersdne whether certain triplctd® might tore reacted differently
when crossed with Marions d ip loid end tetraploidsi but there m s m
ta ito to ii of th is to the Of ssgr of the tarlplolds in ©tosses
with any one individual variety or spades# For th is reason* a ll
tasdpleid-diploid or triploid-tetraploid crem es te n treated as m group
rather than as individuals#
fromm* I t is quite obvious from Plat® X feet
tie rs is a greet v&risae© .in regard to the ©toss©«i©» umber # f the
fm ctionel gametes of tbs triploid# Wwm IB to 55 ©bros«*mtiieis wr® con-
trlM ted ose or more tines* Respite this siM distribution m i varia­
tion m shorn in the chart®, i t is possible to- not® ter®® efcv&ese fre­
quencies, which prooably indicate® thsse different possible typos of
'behasljGnar nost frequently occurring in the trlplold# the Sequent
contribution of approdmately 24 indicates the sa@dosls mist hmm been
nearly m m al, the frequ«ey at SO teM.cat@s gaas&e* Hfee to m of tetra -
ploM s, and 45 the attrib u tio n of fee fe ll triplodd ehrewmmmm am plc-
wmtom
In Plat® 1, which shorn the ©ositribution 2a to triploid-daploid
creeses, it is obvious feat fee $n/& nmsfoor, or ^proxtmately feat, m s
coatetoito. in only a small per cent of fee cases# One night aspect i t
to be feat of greatest frequency la view ©f fee rem its previously re-*
ported la so®© -other pleats# In fulioa (n-12) Bwford et j& (5),
5
Hall (19), and Upcott (45) bm e found 'that a trlp loid , used m the fe­
male parent and croBsed with a diploid, contribute:! from 12 to EE
ehroBHMmMMi and in moat amm from 15 to IS, which w uld be tbetxt the
Sn/2 number# Hebal (54) has shewn in a Sn x 2m cross in apple (i*-X7)
that the chromosome number of t o pro^any ranged fToa 55 to 48 with the
mode at 40*5, which would indicate that in moot eases the triploid con­
tribution would be somewhere near the Sn/Z number* Cspimpin (12) in
Oenothera (n-7) in a sim ilar cross found the range to Xm 14 to 21 with
the 'mode at 10, which again approximates t o Sn/fc. number from the
triploid* Bergetrca (10) and Johnsson (22) in fenulsss* Denaen (15) in
apple, aid Levan (28) in &liium a ll found sim ilar resu lts, with, t o
progeny from 5a x 2n crosses having somatic chromosome numbers ranging
from the diploid to the trip!1 old* In a ll to se instances, however,
practically a ll of the triploid progeny fe ll within th is group* X»
Gladiolua it mast be emphasised that such a contri'hution occurs in only
a email portion of the eases, and only a small portion of the progeny
would hmm somatic- chromosome numbers ranging .from. t o diploid to the
trtpleid#
ffee second mmt obvious contribution of the triplaid female in
triplotd-dtplioid hybrids of Qladiolais was that of thirty chswhMnes*
which would make the resulting progeny fu ll triploids with regard to
chromosome number# & im such progeny have been found by McClimtook (50)
and Ixwgley (89) in Zaa, Levan (88) in A iliua. and Sat© (40) in m iu a
In crmm® involving a triploid parent# Bergstrom (10) in Pomilus and
Demem. (16) in apple also found evidence of sim ilar gametes from the
triploid# Naveshin (55) in Crepfs* in crossing a triploid F* Inter m
and with other sister diploid plants, found that s^sroadmatsly twenty**
eight per cent of t o progeny were triploids© Tam. th is type of beitsviour
e
le m t m i@ l in the case of triploids*
The oomtritatlGe in gladiolus of the fu ll triploid number would
mmm to bo the m at ommm. typo of behaviour# This would thou m m that
the progor^r receiving th is mmtmr would bo totr^ilold in nature* Thie
is not in g^ eral accord with tho literature, although occasional tetrar-
ploid progeny from triploids have been reported. In golapnm (36),
Tulips (4S), and Fomlus (10) (EE) infrequent progeny have appeared with
tta M l tetraploid chromosome :mssh#r* This unusual behaviour of Glad**
joins would make it possible to see tar diploid characters could be
transmitted to the tetraploidg i f th is hm been ommon in the past de­
velopment of commercial Gladiolus«
Upon ©xa&iniag the contribution of
the triplold (Plate II) in the triploid-tetraploid crosses, it is apsta
obvious that the previous throe types of behsnrlour* as found in the
triploid-dlploid crosses, s till exist* This indicates that the trip loid ,
regardless of th© pollen parent used, .is consistent in the type® of p i»
©tea most frequently produced*
The tm ^ty-four and the thirty chromosome cemtrlbutloms again appear
in approslw tely the smm proportions as in tho triploid-diplcdd crm sm ,
altheugfc the somatic ehxwmoraoe wmkmt of the progeny would be higher be­
cause of tii© thirty ohromoeosis ooo&zitmtieKi from the pollen parent* Only
a lim ited m ater of ta at 4a cresses bmm been previously reportedf Imt
XmgUy (29) in Sea* Denmm (10) in F etola* and Gregor and Saamome (10)
in ffhleum found that th© triplcdd camtribcrted approximately the cUploid
number when used in such a cross*
The fu ll triploid somatic number again was contributed in most of
the cases. This would Indicate that the progeny receiving this coritrito*
tion would be pentaplold with regard to chromosome number* Emmm (16)