Christian Theology: An Introduction PDF
Preview Christian Theology: An Introduction
BRIEF CONTENTS List of Illustrations Preface To the Student: How to Use this Book To the Teacher: How to Use this Book Acknowledgments PART I LANDMARKS: PERIODS, THEMES, AND PERSONALITIES OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY Introduction 1 The Patristic Period, c.100–c.700 2 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, c.700– c.1500 3 The Age of Reformation, c.1500–c.1750 4 The Modern Period, c.1750 to the Present PART II SOURCES AND METHODS 5 Getting Started: Preliminaries 6 The Sources of Theology 7 Knowledge of God: Natural and Revealed 8 Philosophy and Theology: Dialogue and Debate PART III CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY 9 The Doctrine of God 10 The Doctrine of the Trinity 11 The Doctrine of the Person of Christ 12 Faith and History: The Christological Agenda of Modernity 13 The Doctrine of Salvation in Christ 14 The Doctrines of Human Nature, Sin, and Grace 15 The Doctrine of the Church 16 The Doctrine of the Sacraments 17 Christianity and the World Religions 18 The Last Things: The Christian Hope A Glossary of Theological Terms Sources of Citations Acknowledgments of Figures Index CONTENTS List of Illustrations Preface To the Student: How to Use this Book To the Teacher: How to Use this Book Acknowledgments PART I LANDMARKS: PERIODS, THEMES, AND PERSONALITIES OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY Introduction 1 The Patristic Period, c.100–c.700 The Early Centers of Theological Activity An Overview of the Patristic Period A clarification of terms The theological agenda of the period Key Theologians Justin Martyr (c.100–c.165) Irenaeus of Lyons (c.130–c.200) Tertullian (c.160–c.225) Origen (c.185–c.254) Cyprian of Carthage (died 258) Athanasius (c.293–373) The Cappadocian fathers Augustine of Hippo (354–430) Key Theological Debates and Developments The extent of the New Testament canon The role of tradition: the Gnostic controversies The fixing of the ecumenical creeds The two natures of Jesus Christ: the Arian controversy The doctrine of the Trinity The doctrine of the church: the Donatist controversy The doctrine of grace: the Pelagian controversy Key Names, Words, and Phrases Questions for Chapter 1 2 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, c.700– c.1500 On Defining the “Middle Ages” Medieval Theological Landmarks in Western Europe The Carolingian renaissance The rise of cathedral and monastic schools of theology The religious orders and their schools of theology The founding of the universities Peter Lombard's Four Books of the Sentences The rise of scholasticism The Italian Renaissance The rise of humanism Medieval Theological Landmarks in Eastern Europe The emergence of Byzantine theology The iconoclastic controversy The hesychastic controversy The fall of Constantinople (1453) Key Theologians John of Damascus (c.676–749) Simeon the New Theologian (949–1022) Anselm of Canterbury (c.1033–1109) Thomas Aquinas (c.1225–74) Duns Scotus (c.1265–1308) William of Ockham (c.1285–1347) Erasmus of Rotterdam (c.1469–1536) Key Theological Developments The consolidation of the patristic heritage The exploration of the role of reason in theology The development of theological systems The development of sacramental theology The development of the theology of grace The role of Mary in the scheme of salvation Returning directly to the sources of Christian theology The critique of the Vulgate translation of Scripture Key Names, Words, and Phrases Questions for Chapter 2 3 The Age of Reformation, c.1500–c.1750 Introducing the Reformation Reformation – or Reformations? The Dynamics of Reformation The German Reformation: Lutheranism The Swiss Reformation: the Reformed church The radical Reformation: Anabaptism The English Reformation: Anglicanism The Catholic Reformation The Second Reformation: Confessionalization Post-Reformation Movements The consolidation of Catholicism Puritanism Pietism The Copernican and Galilean Controversies Key Theologians Martin Luther (1483–1546) Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) John Calvin (1509–64) Teresa of Avilà (1515–82) Theodore Beza (1519–1605) Roberto Bellarmine (1542–1621) Johann Gerhard (1582–1637) Jonathan Edwards (1703–58) Key Theological Developments The sources of theology The doctrine of grace The doctrine of the sacraments The doctrine of the church Developments in Theological Literature The catechisms Confessions of faith Works of systematic theology Key Names, Words, and Phrases Questions for Chapter 3 4 The Modern Period, c.1750 to the Present Theology and Cultural Developments in the West The Enlightenment critique of traditional theology Romanticism and the renewal of the theological imagination Marxism: an intellectual rival to Christianity The crisis of faith in Victorian England Darwinism: a new theory of human origins Postmodernism and a new theological agenda Key Theologians F. D. E. Schleiermacher (1768–1834) John Henry Newman (1801–90) Karl Barth (1886–1968) Paul Tillich (1886–1965) Karl Rahner (1904–84) Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–88) Jürgen Moltmann (born 1926) Wolfhart Pannenberg (born 1928) Denominational Developments in Theology Catholicism Orthodoxy Protestantism Evangelicalism Pentecostal and charismatic movements Some Recent Western Theological Movements and Trends Liberal Protestantism Modernism Neo-orthodoxy La ressourcement, or La nouvelle théologie Feminism Liberation theology Black theology Postliberalism Radical orthodoxy Theologies of the Developing World India Africa Key Names, Words, and Phrases Questions for Chapter 4 PART II SOURCES AND METHODS 5 Getting Started: Preliminaries Defining Theology A working definition of theology The historical development of the idea of theology The development of theology as an academic discipline The Architecture of Theology Biblical studies Systematic theology Philosophical theology Historical theology Pastoral theology Spirituality, or mystical theology The Question of Prolegomena Commitment and Neutrality in Theology Orthodoxy and Heresy Historical aspects Theological aspects The Theology of the Relation of Christianity and Secular Culture Justin Martyr (c.100–c.165) Tertullian (c.160–c.225) Augustine of Hippo (354–430) The twentieth century: H. Richard Niebuhr (1894–1962) Questions for Chapter 5 6 The Sources of Theology Scripture The Old Testament The New Testament Other works: deutero-canonical and apocryphal writings The relation of the Old and New Testaments The canon of Scripture: historical and theological issues The Word of God Narrative theology Methods of interpretation of Scripture Theories of the inspiration of Scripture Tradition A single-source theory of tradition A dual-source theory of tradition The total rejection of tradition Theology and worship: the importance of liturgical tradition Reason Reason and revelation: three models Deism Enlightenment rationalism Criticisms of Enlightenment rationalism Religious Experience Existentialism: a philosophy of human experience Experience and theology: two approaches Ludwig Feuerbach's critique of experience-based theologies Questions for Chapter 6 7 Knowledge of God: Natural and Revealed The Idea of Revelation Models of Revelation Revelation as doctrine Revelation as presence Revelation as experience Revelation as history Natural Theology: Its Scope and Limits Thomas Aquinas on natural theology John Calvin on natural theology The Reformed tradition on natural theology God's two books: nature and Scripture Approaches to Discerning God in Nature Human reason The ordering of the world The beauty of the world Objections to Natural Theology A theological objection: Karl Barth A theological response: Thomas F. Torrance A philosophical objection: Alvin Plantinga A philosophical response: William P. Alston A debate: Karl Barth versus Emil Brunner (1934) The Natural Sciences and Christian Theology: Models of Interaction
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