Chitosan in the preservation of agricultural commodities

386 Pages·2016·9.25 MB·English

by  Bautista-Baños

Chitosan in
THE PRESERVATION
OF AGRICULTURAL
COMMODITIES
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Chitosan in
THE PRESERVATION
OF AGRICULTURAL
COMMODITIES
Edited by
SILVIA BAUTISTA-BAÑOS
Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos (CEPROBI),
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla,
San Isidro Yautepec, Morelos, México
GIANFRANCO ROMANAZZI
Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental
Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University,
Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
ANTONIO JIMÉNEZ-APARICIO
Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de
Productos Bióticos (CEPROBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Carretera Yautepec–Jojutla, San Isidro Yautepec, Morelos,
México
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ISBN: 978-0-12-802735-6
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CONTENTS
List of Contributors xi
Preface xv
PART 1. Chitosan Obtention and New Materials
Based-Chitosan 1
1. Chemical Characteristics and Functional Properties
of Chitosan 3
Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza, Waldo M. Argüelles Monal,
Francisco M. Goycoolea Valencia
Introduction 3
Chitosan: Definition and sources 4
Physicochemical characteristics 5
Functional properties 11
Concluding remarks 22
Acknowledgments 23
References 23
2. New Bioactive Biomaterials Based on Chitosan 33
Elsa Bosquez-Molina, Leonor Zavaleta-Mejía
Introduction 33
Physical and chemical characteristics of chitosan 34
Production of chitooligosaccharides (COS) 35
Functionalized chitosan 37
Nanocomposites 44
Applications of chitosan derivatives in agricultural commodities
and packaging industry 50
Characterization of chitosan derivatives molecules 52
Concluding remarks 56
References 57
v
vi Contents
PART 2. Biological Activity, and Mode of
Action of Chitosan 65
3. Application of Chitosan in Fresh and Minimally
Processed Fruits and Vegetables 67
Susana Patricia Miranda-Castro
Introduction 67
Apple 68
Asparagus 68
Avocado 69
Banana 70
Broccoli 72
Carrot 72
Citrus 74
Dragon fruit (pitaya) 77
Grapes 78
Green beans 81
Guava 81
Jujube 82
Litchi 83
Mango 84
Mushrooms 86
Papaya 87
Peach 90
Pear 91
Plum 92
Pomegranate 93
Potato 93
Radish 94
Rambutan 94
Raspberry 95
Red bell pepper 96
Squash 96
Strawberries 97
Sweet cherry 99
Sweet pepper 100
Tomato 101
Concluding remarks 102
Acknowledgments 104
References 104
Contents vii
4. Chitosan Protection From Rice Diseases 115
Miguel Ángel Ramírez-Arrebato, Aida Tania Rodríguez-Pedroso,
Silvia Bautista-Baños, Elsa Ventura-Zapata
Introduction 115
Major rice diseases and control methods 115
Antimicrobial activity of chitosan against rice fungal pathogen 117
Induction of rice defense mechanisms by chitosan 119
Chitosan’s protection of rice against diseases under
controlled conditions 120
Prospects and problems involved in using chitosan to protect rice 122
Concluding remarks 122
Acknowledgments 123
References 123
5. Integrated Application of Chitosan Coating with Different
Postharvest Treatments in the Control of Postharvest Decay
and Maintenance of Overall Fruit Quality 127
Dharini Sivakumar, Malick Bill, Lise Korsten, Keith Thompson
Introduction 127
Fruit coatings 128
Properties of chitosan 129
Chitosan in combination with modified atmosphere packaging 130
Chitosan in combination with physical treatments 135
Chitosan in combination with plant derivatives 135
Chitosan in combination with organic polymers 141
Chitosan in combination with organic salts 142
Chitosan in combination with nanocomposites 144
Chitosan in combination with organic acids 144
Chitosan in combination with antagonistic microorganisms 145
Chitosan in combination with ethyl alcohol 146
Chitosan and minimally processed fruit and vegetables 147
Concluding remarks 148
References 148
6. Use of Chitosan to Control Postharvest Decay of Temperate
Fruit: Effectiveness and Mechanisms of Action 155
Gianfranco Romanazzi, Erica Feliziani
Introduction 155
Effects on postharvest decay of fruit 155
viii Contents
Mechanisms of action 166
Concluding remarks 171
References 171
7. Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Active Ingredients
Against Plant Pests and Diseases 179
Mohamed E. I. Badawy, Entsar I. Rabea
Introduction 179
Chemistry and properties of chitosan 180
Biological activity of chitosan against plant diseases and pests 182
Technological applications of chitosan in agricultural diseases
and pest control 195
Proposed mechanisms of chitosan action against plant pests
and diseases 200
Concluding remarks 202
Acknowledgments 202
References 202
8. Prospects for the Use of Chitosan and Other Alternatives
in Ornamental Conservation 221
Laura Leticia Barrera Necha, Silvia Bautista-Baños
Introduction 221
Common phythopathogens of ornamentals 223
Physical alternatives 224
Host plant material resistance 225
Biocontrol 227
Chemical control 229
Alternatives under experimentation 231
Plant growth promotion and effects of plant development 233
Plant extracts and essential oils 234
Concluding remarks 239
Acknowledgments 240
References 240
9. Morphological and Ultrastructural Modifications
of Chitosan-Treated Fungal Phytopathogens 251
Silvia Bautista-Baños, Laura Leticia Barrera Necha, Mónica Hernández-López,
Francisco Rodríguez-González
Introduction 251
Fungus definition 255
Contents ix
Fungal structures and functions 255
Proposed mechanisms of action of chitosan on fungi 257
In vitro morphological alterations induced by chitosan on fungi 259
In vitro structural alterations induced by chitosan on fungi 259
Cytological changes induced by chitosan in different fungal pathosystems 261
Concluding remarks 269
Acknowledgments 271
References 271
PART 3. Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Chitosan 277
10. Biochemical Aspects of the Chitin Fungicidal Activity
in Agricultural Uses 279
Cristóbal Lárez Velásquez, Maura Rojas Pirela
Introduction 279
Some mechanisms proposed for the fungicidal activity of chitin 282
Future trends 289
Concluding remarks 293
Acknowledgments 293
References 293
11. Chitosan and Changes in Gene Expression During
Fruit–Pathogen Interaction at Postharvest Stage 299
Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martínez, Alejandra Chacón-López,
Luis Angel Xoca-Orozco, Anelsy Ramos-Guerrero,
Rita Velázquez-Estrada, Selene Aguilera-Aguirre
Introduction 299
Chitosan as a resistance inducer 302
Differential gene expression analysis 304
Concluding remarks 306
Acknowledgments 307
References 307
PART 4. Chitosan Bio-Nanocomposites 313
12. Chitosan-Based Bionanocomposites: Development
and Perspectives in Food and Agricultural Applications 315
Cynthia Nazareth Hernández-Téllez, Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea,
Mario Onofre Cortez-Rocha
Introduction 315
Chitosan 318