Chinese society in the age of Confucius (1000-250 BC) : the archaeological evidence

580 Pages·2006·43.227 MB·English

by  Lothar von Falkenhausen

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CHINESE SOCIETY
IN THE AGE OF CONFUCIUS
(1000-250 BC)
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Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius
(1000-250 BC)
By Lothar von Falkenhausen
Volume 2
Settlement, Subsistence, and Social Complexity
Edited by Richard E. Blanton
Volume 1
C S
HINESE OCIETY
A C
IN THE GE OF ONFUCIUS
(1000-250 BC)
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
LOTHAR VON FALKENHAUSEN
COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
2006
THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY at UCLA is a research unit at the University of California, Los
Angeles that promotes the comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of the human past. Established in 1973,
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research associates, volunteers and the general public to gather together in their explorations of ancient human
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for more than 30 years as a volunteer and donor and maintains a special interest in archaeology. Lloyd E. Cotsen
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This book is set in 10-point Janson Text, with titles in 23-point ITC Legacy Sans.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Falkenhausen, Lothar von.
Chinese society in the age of Confucius : (1000-250 BC) : the archaeological evidence / Lothar von
Falkenhausen.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-931745-30-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN 1-931745-31-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-938770-45-6 (eBook)
1. Social structure--China. 2. China--Social conditions. 3. Social change--China. 4. China--Antiquities. 5.
China--History--Zhou dynasty, 1122-221 B.C. I. Title.
HN733.F35 2006
931’.03--dc22
2006022661
Copyright © 2006 Regents of the University of California
All rights reserved. Printed in the USA.
Third printing 2016
In Memory of Professor Yu Weichao 俞偉超 (1933-2003)
With Respect and Gratitude
价人維藩。大師維垣。大邦維屏。大宗維翰。
懷德維寧。宗子維城。無俾城壞。無獨斯畏。
With the honest people as a fence, the great armies as a bulwark, the great territo-
rial states as a screen, the Major Lineage as a support, love of virtue as a source
of peace, and the sons of your lineage as a fortress, nothing will let that fortress
fall into decay, and there is nothing to fear about loneliness.
Shi jing “Da Ya: Ban” (Ode 254.7)
「點爾何如？」 鼓瑟希鏗爾舍琴而作，對曰: 「異乎三子者之撰。」 子曰:
「何傷乎，亦各言其志也。」 曰: 「莫春者， 春服既成， 冠者五六人， 童子
六七人， 浴乎沂， 風乎舞雩， 詠而歸。」 夫子喟歎曰: 「吾與點也。」
“Dian, what about you?” He was playing his zither; he laid it aside as the strings
were still faintly humming, rose and replied: “Mine is a different choice from
those of the other three gentlemen.” Confucius said: “What harm is there in
that? After all, each merely stated his heart’s desire.” Dian said: “In late spring,
with the spring clothes already complete, together with fi ve or six capped men
and six or seven boys, to go bathing in the Yi River, dry ourselves in the breeze
at the rain-dance sanctuary, and return home singing.”
The Master heaved a sigh and said: “I am with Dian.”
Lunyu “Xianjin” 11.26

C
ONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x
PREFACE xx
INTRODUCTION 1
Historical Background—Archaeology and Texts—The Archaeological
Evidence—Approach—Preview
PART I: NEW STANDARDS OF RANKING AND
THEIR APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION 28
CHAPTER ONE: THE REORGANIZATION OF THE ÉLITE IN LATE
WESTERN ZHOU (CA. 850 BC) 29
The Plain of Zhou and Hoard 1 at Zhuangbai—The Stylistic Sequence—
Indicators for the Ritual Reform—Using Bronze Inscriptions as Historical
Evidence—Weí Genealogy and the Date of the Ritual Reform—Western Zhou
Lineage Organization—The Social Position of the Weí Lineage
CHAPTER TWO: DISTINCTIONS OF RANK AND GENDER WITHIN
TERRITORIAL RULING LINEAGES (CA. 1000-650 BC) 74
Mortuary Data and Their Limitations—The Three Cemeteries; Issues of
Dating—Tomb and Cemetery Arrangements—Sumptuary Analysis—Gender
Differentiation
CHAPTER THREE: A NORTH CHINESE COMMUNITY
(CA. 800-450 BC): DEMOGRAPHY AND RANKING 127
Shangma and Its Surroundings—Demographic Developments—Indicators of
Social Stratifi cation—Tomb Furniture—Funerary Goods—Rank Inheritance
and the Assignment of Status Indicators—Gender Differentiation—
Comparisons—Intermezzo
vii
viii CHINESE SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF CONFUCIUS
PART II: INTERNAL COALESCENCE AND OUTWARD
DELIMITATION
INTRODUCTION 164
CHAPTER FOUR: CLAN DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE ZHOU
CULTURE SPHERE (CA. 1050-500 BC) 169
Luoyang and Qufu—“Shang” and “Zhou” Tombs at Luoyang—“Shang” and
“Zhou” Remains at Qufu—Waist-pits—Ceramic li Typology—Assessment—
Coda: A “Proto-Zhou” Case
CHAPTER FIVE: ETHNIC CONTRASTS WITHIN THE ZHOU
CULTURE SPHERE (CA. 1050-350 BC) 204
“Aliens” at the Zhou and Jin Capitals During Western Zhou—Eastern
Zhou-Period Qin Tombs—Tomb 2 at Yimencun—“Alien” Elements in
Eastern Zhou-Period Qin Tombs—The Ethnic Identity of Qin: A View from
Maojiaping—Assessment
CHAPTER SIX: AN EXPANDING SOCIETY (CA. 1050-250 BC) 244
Early Trends—The Amalgamation of the “Eastern Barbarians”—The Kingdom
of Zhongshan—The Yangzi River Basin—The Lower Yangzi Region during
Eastern Zhou times—Expansion through Settlement—Assessment
PART III: CHANGES AND REDEFINITIONS
INTRODUCTION 290
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE EASTERN ZHOU RELIGIOUS
TRANSFORMATION (CA. 600-221 BC) 293
Changes in the Focus of Ritual—Shifts in the Relation of Temple and Tomb—
Mingqi—Tombs as Replicas of Domestic and Social Surroundings—Tombs as
Microcosms—Underlying Religious Concepts
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE SEPARATION OF THE HIGHER AND
LOWER ÉLITES (CA. 750-221 BC) 326
Eastern Zhou Rulers’ Tombs and Tomb Complexes—Dual Bronze Assemblages
at Xiasi—Other Instances of the “Special Assemblage”—Increasing Gender
Differences—Sacrifi cial Pits at Xinzheng—Interpretation
CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER NINE: THE MERGING OF THE LOWER ÉLITE WITH
THE COMMONER CLASSES (CA. 600-221 BC) 370
Eastern Zhou Chu Cemeteries—Springs and Autumns-Period Chu Tomb
Ranks—Warring States-Period Developments—Social Interpretation—
Correlation with Textual Data—Assessment—Intermezzo
CONCLUSION 401
Demographic Growth and Population Movements—Territorial Control and
Expansion—Agriculturalists—The Military—Merchants and Entrepreneurs—
Artisans, Professionals, and Others—A Call to Action
REFERENCES FOR TABLES 19-30 421
BIBLIOGRAPHY 426
LIST OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 508
GENERAL INDEX AND GLOSSARY 517