Chinese Labour in South Africa, 1902–10: Race, Violence, and Global Spectacle PDF
Preview Chinese Labour in South Africa, 1902–10: Race, Violence, and Global Spectacle
CambridgeImperialandPost-ColonialStudies GeneralEditors:MeganVaughan,King’sCollege,CambridgeandRichardDrayton,King’sCollegeLondon Thisinformativeseriescoversthebroadspanofmodernimperialhistorywhilealsoexploringtherecent developmentsinformercolonialstateswhereresiduesofempirecanstillbefound.Thebooksprovidein- depthexaminationsofempiresascompetingandcomplementarypowerstructuresencouragingthereader toreconsidertheirunderstandingofinternationalandworldhistoryduringrecentcenturies. Titlesinclude: TonyBallantyne ORIENTALISMANDRACE AryanismintheBritishEmpire PeterF.BangandC.A.Bayly(editors) TRIBUTARYEMPIRESINGLOBALHISTORY JamesBeattie EMPIREANDENVIRONMENTALANXIETY,1800–1920 Health,AestheticsandConservationinSouthAsiaandAustralasia RachelBerger AYURVEDAMADEMODERN PoliticalHistoriesofIndigenousMedicineinNorthIndia,1900–1955 RobertJ.Blyth THEEMPIREOFTHERAJ EasternAfricaandtheMiddleEast,1858–1947 RoyBridges(editor) IMPERIALISM,DECOLONIZATIONANDAFRICA StudiesPresentedtoJohnHargreaves RachelK.Bright CHINESELABOURINSOUTHAFRICA,1902–10 Race,Violence,andGlobalSpectacle KitCandlin THELASTCARIBBEANFRONTIER,1795–1815 HilaryM.Carey(editor) EMPIRESOFRELIGION NandiniChatterjee THEMAKINGOFINDIANSECULARISM Empire,LawandChristianity,1830–1960 EsmeCleall MISSIONARYDISCOURSE NegotiatingDifferenceintheBritishEmpire,c.1840–95 T.J.Cribb(editor) IMAGINEDCOMMONWEALTH CambridgeEssaysonCommonwealthandInternationalLiteratureinEnglish MichaelS.Dodson ORIENTALISM,EMPIREANDNATIONALCULTURE India,1770–1880 JostDülfferandMarcFrey(editors) ELITESANDDECOLONIZATIONINTHETWENTIETHCENTURY BronwenEverill ABOLITIONANDEMPIREINSIERRALEONEANDLIBERIA UlrikeHillemann ASIANEMPIREANDBRITISHKNOWLEDGE ChinaandtheNetworksofBritishImperialExpansion B.D.Hopkins THEMAKINGOFMODERNAFGHANISTAN RonaldHyam BRITAIN’SIMPERIALCENTURY,1815–1914:ASTUDYOFEMPIREANDEXPANSION ThirdEdition IftekharIqbal THEBENGALDELTA Ecology,StateandSocialChange,1843–1943 BrianIreland THEUSMILITARYINHAWAI’I Colonialism,MemoryandResistance RobinJeffrey POLITICS,WOMENANDWELL-BEING HowKeralaBecamea‘Model’ GeroldKrozewski MONEYANDTHEENDOFEMPIRE BritishInternationalEconomicPolicyandtheColonies,1947–58 JavedMajeed AUTOBIOGRAPHY,TRAVELANDPOST-NATIONALIDENTITY FrancineMcKenzie REDEFININGTHEBONDSOFCOMMONWEALTH1939–1948 ThePoliticsofPreference GabrielPaquette ENLIGHTENMENT,GOVERNANCEANDREFORMINSPAINANDITSEMPIRE1759–1808 SandhyaL.Polu PERCEPTIONOFRISK Policy-MakingonInfectiousDiseaseinIndia1892–1940 JenniferRegan-Lefebvre IRISHANDINDIAN TheCosmopolitanPoliticsofAlfredWebb RicardoRoque HEADHUNTINGANDCOLONIALISM AnthropologyandtheCirculationofHumanSkullsinthePortugueseEmpire,1870–1930 JonathanSaha LAW,DISORDERANDTHECOLONIALSTATE CorruptioninBurmac.1900 MichaelSilvestri IRELANDANDINDIA Nationalism,EmpireandMemory JohnSingletonandPaulRobertson ECONOMICRELATIONSBETWEENBRITAINANDAUSTRALASIA1945–1970 JuliaTischler LIGHTANDPOWERFORAMULTIRACIALNATION TheKaribaDamSchemeintheCentralAfricanFederation AparnaVaidik IMPERIALANDAMANS ColonialEncounterandIslandHistory JonE.Wilson THEDOMINATIONOFSTRANGERS ModernGovernanceinEasternIndia,1780–1835 CambridgeImperialandPost-ColonialStudies SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–91908–8 (Hardback)978–0–333–91909–5(Paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder.Pleasecontact yourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,the titleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG21 6XS,England Chinese Labour in South Africa, 1902–10 Race, Violence, and Global Spectacle Rachel K. Bright ©RachelK.Bright2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-30377-5 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedherrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-33839-9 ISBN 978-1-137-31657-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137316578 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. Contents ListofTables vi ListofImages vii Acknowledgements viii AcronymsandAbbreviations x Introduction 1 1 ChineseMigrationand‘White’Networks,c.1850–1902 8 2 TheTransvaalLabour‘Problem’andtheChineseSolution 22 3 GreaterBritaininSouthAfrica:ColonialNationalismsand ImperialNetworks 38 4 AQuestionofHonour:Slavery,Sovereignty,andtheLegal Framework 70 5 Sex,Violence,andtheChinese:The1905–06MoralPanic 95 6 AdaptingtheStereotype:RaceandAdministrativeControl 141 7 PoliticalRepercussions:Self-GovernmentRevisited 160 Conclusion:RacialisingEmpire 185 Appendix:ListofKeyFigures 191 Notes 197 Bibliography 240 Index 262 v Tables 4.1 NumbersofChineselabourersimportedannually 91 4.2 CMLIAMembership:NumbersofChineseimportedper mininggroup 91 4.3 Distributionofalllabourby‘race’onthemines 92 4.4 ListofMinesutilisingChineselabour 93 7.1 RepatriationsofChineselabourersattheendoftheir contracts,1907–10 175 vi Images 1 ‘TwixttheJewandtheChow’(c.1903) 133 2 PostcardofChineselabourers(c.1906) 134 3 ‘TheCelestialandhisbride’(c.1906) 135 4 PicturereprintedfromWilliamCharlesScully(c.1906) 136 5 ‘AJohannesburgOpiumDen’(c.1906) 137 6 ‘ChineseLabour’,BritishConservativePartyelection poster(c.1905) 138 7 ‘TheWar’sResult:ChineseSlavery’,BritishLiberalParty electionposter(c.1905) 139 8 ‘ChineseorSeparation’(c.1906) 140 vii Acknowledgements IwouldliketogivespecialthankstomyPhDsupervisor,AndrewPorter, aswellasSaulDubowandHilarySapire,whosequestionsandcomments contributedsomuchtoadaptingthisfrommyPhD.DavidBirmingham introduced me to South African history and his encouragement was invaluable. I have drawn many ideas and much support from various academic communities over the last few years. The Postcolonial and ColonialWorkshopwhichEsmeCleall,EmilyManktelow,andIfounded attheIHR(InstituteofHistoricalResearch)hasbeenausefulintellectual forum,andIwishtothankallattendees.TheGlobalandImperialHis- torySeminargroupattheIHRwasequallyinvaluableinlisteningtomy ideas and encouraging me in so many ways. I would especially like to thank David Killingray, John Stuart, Jon Wilson, Richard Drayton, and SarahStockwell. Several colleagues, friends, and teachers also deserve thanks for their advice: Andrew Dilley, for his enthusiasm and insight into eco- nomic history; Robert Bickers, for his immense help with China and Chinese; Anthony Howe, for his guidance on British politics; Esme Cleall,forallthosechatsaboutcomplicatedtheoriesandothermatters; Kent Fedorowich, for his encouragement and stimulation concerning the British World. I also need to thank Joanna Lewis, Larry Butler, VincentKuitenbrouwer,IanPhimister,JonathanSaha,AnnaGust,Laura Ishiguro,KarenHunt,KelceySwain,andFrankBongiorno.MichaelGalt will always have my immense gratitude for his support over the years. Icouldnothaveevenattemptedsuchaglobalperspectiveifnotforthe reading suggestions, translation skills, and general advice of these peo- ple.IalsofeelagreatdealofgratitudetomystudentsatLSE,Goldsmith’s andKeele;theirenthusiasmhassoofteninspiredmetore-examinekey aspectsofthiswork. It is also essential to thank King’s College London, the University of London Central Research Fund, and the Royal Historical Society Post- graduate Research Funding for financing my doctoral research trips to South Africa and Oxford, in addition to Dutch-language classes. I also wish to thank the staff at the British Library, the British National Archives in Kew, Rhodes House and the Bodleian Library, the Cham- ber of Mines, Johannesburg, and all the libraries within the University viii Acknowledgements ix of London, UK, especially at the School of Oriental and African Stud- ies. In particular, I must thank the friendly and helpful staff at the British Library Newspaper Archives, the National Archives of South Africa in Pretoria, the Library of South Africa in Cape Town, and the fulsome access I was given to the private archives of Barlow World in Johannesburg. None of this would have been possible without the support of my family.Thankyou. Keele,2013
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