Chinese Ideology

267 Pages·2021·3.642 MB·English

by  Shiping Hua (editor)

Chinese Ideology
This book traces ideological trends in China through a range of historical and
comparative perspectives, spanning the ancient belief systems of Confucianism,
Legalism, and Taoism to political ideologies of the present day.
Chapters in this edited volume are divided into four parts: traditional Chinese
ideology, ideology of the Republic, Maoism as an ideology, and post Mao ideology,
zoning in on specific historical periods from the Qing and Republic periods to
the reform era, as well as the period after the founding of the PRC—through
which Mao Zedong’s political thought is notably discussed from the perspective
of epistemology and the global impact of Maoism. Key topics include Sun Yat-
sen as the Father of the Republic; Li Dazhao, the early Marxist theoretician;
Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist Fascism; Liang Qichao’s emotional appeals
through liberal political discourse; Jiang Zemin’s theory of “Three Represents”
de-emphasising the Marxist concept of class, Hu Jintao’s theory of “Harmonious
Society”; and Xi Jinping’s political thought. Contributions from world-leading
scholars take both comparative and critical approaches, examining not only how
studies of ideology are relevant, but how Chinese ideologies have retained their
own characteristics distinct from the West.
As the first comprehensive study of this subject in the English language,
Chinese Ideology will appeal to students and scholars of philosophy, political
science, history, and Asian studies more broadly.
Shiping Hua is Calvin & Helen Lang Distinguished Chair in Asian Studies,
Director of Asian Studies Program, and Professor of Political Science at the
University of Louisville, the United States of America. He is the author of
Chinese Legal Culture and Constitutional Order (2019), Chinese Utopianism: A
Comparative Study of Reformist Thought with Japan and Russia (2009), Scientism
and Humanism: Two Cultures in Post-Mao China (1997). He is editing three
book series: “Asia in the New Millennium,” “Comparative Politics in Asia,” and
“Contemporary World Classics: Political Science Series (translations)”.
Routledge Studies on Comparative Asian Politics
Books in this series will cover such areas as political institutions and systems, political economy,
political culture, political thought, political psychology, public administration, law, and political
histories of Asia. The studies may deal with Asia as a whole, a single country, or a group of
countries in Asia. Those studies that have a clear comparative edge are especially welcome.
The series is edited by Shiping Hua, the Calvin and Helen Lang Distinguished Chair in
Asian Studies, Director of the Asian Studies Program and Professor of Political Science at the
University of Louisville, USA.
The Editorial Board:
Alice Ba, University of Delaware, USA
Mark Beeson, University of Murdoch, Australia
Jennifer Bussell, University of California at Berkeley, USA
William Callahan, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
Nobuhiro Hiwatari, University of Tokyo, Japan
Jia Qingguo, Peking University, China
Jin Canrong, Renmin University, China
David Kang, University of Southern California, USA
Peter Moody, Notre Dame University, USA
Mariya Y. Omelicheva, University of Kansas, USA
Naveed Sheikh, University of Keele, UK
Narendra Subramanian, McGill University, Canada
Rina Williams, University of Cincinnati, USA
Brian Woodall, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Quansheng Zhao, American University, USA
The Authoritarian Public Sphere
Legitimation and Autocratic Power in North Korea, Burma, and China
Alexander Dukalskis
An East Asian Challenge to Western Neoliberalism
Niv Horesh and Kean Fan Lim
China’s Global Political Economy
Managerial Perspectives
Robert Taylor and Jacques Jaussaud
Japanese Contemporary Politics
Igarashi Akio
Social Cohesion in Asia
Historical Origins, Contemporary Shapes and Future Dynamics
Edited by Aurel Croissant and Peter Walkenhorst
The Evolving Relationship between China, the EU and the USA
A New Global Order?
Edited by Jing Men, Simon Schunz and Duncan Freeman
China’s Grand Strategy Under Xi Jinping
How History Complicates Beijing’s Global Outreach
Niv Horesh
Chinese Ideology
Shiping Hua
Chinese Ideology
Edited by Shiping Hua
First published 2022
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Shiping Hua; individual chapters, the
contributors
The right of Shiping Hua to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
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registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-0-367-44000-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-04947-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-00736-4 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003007364
Typeset in Bembo
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
For Roger T. Ames

Contents
List of Contributors ix
PART 1
Traditional Chinese ideology 1
1 Ideology, the importance, and the characteristics
of Chinese ideology 3
SHIPING HUA
2 Roots and branches: Self-cultivation as political
transformation in neo-Confucian thought 11
LEAH KALMANSON
3 Once upon a pandemic: Confucius, Rosemont, Marx, Deleuze,
and the opportunity for a Confucian ideology 25
DAVID JONES
4 The Daoist contribution to Chinese ideology: A political
reading of Heshang Gong’s Daodejing 40
THOMAS MICHAEL
5 Ideologies of measurement in early imperial China 57
KAREN L. TURNER
PART 2
Ideology of the Republic 75
6 Sun Yat-sen and the San Min Chu I lectures as ideology 77
DAVID J. LORENZO
viii Contents
7 Li Dazhao and the Chinese embracement of Communism 94
PATRICK FULIANG SHAN
8 Fascism with Chinese characteristics: Chiang Kai-shek’s
nationalist vision in the 1930s and implications for U.S.-PRC
rivalry today 111
DEAN CHEN
 9  Liang Qichao and affective liberalism 131
JEAN TSUI
PART 3
Maoism as an ideology 149
10 The living soul of Mao Zedong Thought 151
AMINDA SMITH
11 Global Maoism 168
FABIO LANZA
PART 4
Post-Mao ideology 181
12 Assessing the era of Jiang Zemin 183
YIU CHUNG WONG
13 Ideology-building under Hu Jintao: Reacting to Jiang and
paving the way for Xi 203
CHENG CHEN
14  Some reflections on the functions of “Xi Jinping’s thought.” 218
PETER R. MOODY
15  A reversal of the reform?: China’s fifth constitutional amendment 233
SHIPING HUA
Index 251
Contributors
Cheng Chen is Professor of Political Science at the University at Albany,
State University of New York. Her research and teaching interests include
post-communist politics, nationalism and nation-building, Chinese politics,
and comparative-historical methodology. She is the author of The Return of
Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Post-communist Russia and
China (2016) and The Prospects for Liberal Nationalism in Post-Leninist
States (2007). She is also the co-editor of three books, including most
recently, The Political Logics of Anticorruption Efforts in Asia (2019). She
has published numerous journal articles and book chapters. Currently, Chen
is working on a research project comparing corruption crackdowns in China
and Russia both under and after communism.
Dean P. Chen is Associate Professor of Political Science at the School of
Humanities and Global Studies, Ramapo College of New Jersey, USA. He is
the author of U.S. Taiwan Strait Policy: The Origins of Strategic Ambiguity
(2012) and U.S.-China Rivalry and Taiwan’s Mainland Policy: Security,
Nationalism, and the 1992 Consensus (2017). Chen served as coordina-
tor for the Conference Group on Taiwan Studies of the American Political
Science Association (2014–16). He was recipient of the Taiwan Fellowship
in 2014 from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). In
2017–18, he was a U.S. Fulbright Scholar in China.
Shiping Hua is Calvin & Helen Lang Distinguished Chair in Asian Studies,
Director of Asian Studies Program and Professor of Political Science at the
University of Louisville, the United States of America. He is the author of
Chinese Legal Culture and Constitutional Order (2019), Chinese Utopianism:
A Comparative Study of Reformist Thought with Japan and Russia (2009),
Scientism and Humanism: Two Cultures in Post-Mao China (1997). He is
editing three book series: “Asia in the New Millennium,” University Press
of Kentucky, “Comparative Politics in Asia,” Routledge, and “Contemporary
World Classics: Political Science Series (translations),” Renmin University
Press.