Chinese Grand Strategy and Maritime Power PDF
Preview Chinese Grand Strategy and Maritime Power
CHINESE GRAND STRATEGY AND MARITIME POWER CASS SERIES: NAVAL POLICY AND HISTORY Series Editor: Geoffrey Till ISSN 1366-9478 This series consists primarily of original manuscripts by research scholars in the general area of naval policy and history, without national or chronological limitations. It will from time to time also include collections of important articles as well as reprints of classic works. 1. Austro-Hungarian Naval Policy, 1904-1914 Milan N. Vego 2. Far-Flung Lines: Studies on Imperial Defence in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman Edited by Keith Neilson and Greg Kennedy 3. Maritime Strategy and Continental Wars Rear Admiral Raja Menon 4. The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament, 1942-1947 Chris Madsen 5. Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas Milan N. Vego 6. The Pen and Ink Sailor: Charles Middleton and the King's Navy, 1778-1813 John E. Talbott 7. The Italian Navy and Fascist Expansionism, 1935-1940 Robert Mallett 8. The Merchant Marine in International Affairs 1850-1950 Edited by Greg Kennedy 9. Naval Strategy in Northeast Asia: Ceo-strategic Goals, Policies and Prospects Duk-Ki Kim 10. Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean: Past, Present and Future Edited by John B. Hattendorf 11. Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programmes, 1935-1953 Jiirgen Rohwer and Mikhail S. Monakov 12. Imperial Defence, 1868-1887 Donald Mackenzie Schurman; edited by John Beeler 13. Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond Edited by Phillips Payson O'Brien 14. The Royal Navy and Nuclear Weapons Richard Moore 15. The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period: An Operational Perspective Joseph Moretz 16. Chinese Grand Strategy and Maritime Power Thomas M. Kane CHINESE GRAND STRATEGY and MARITIME POWER THOMAS M. KANE University of Hull R ~~o~!!~,~~;up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 2002 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informabusiness Copyright © 2002 Thomas M. Kane British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Kane, Thomas M. Chinese grand strategy and maritime power. - (Cass series. Naval policy and history; 16) 1.Sea-power – China 2. China – Strategic aspects 3. China – Foreign relations – 1976 – I.Title 327.5'1'00905 ISBN 978-0-7146-5282-5 (cloth) ISSN 1366-9478 ISBN 978-0-2038-1514-4 (eISBN) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kane, Thomas M., 1969– Chinese grand strategy and maritime power / Thomas M. Kane p.; cm. – (Cass series – Naval policy and history, ISSN 1366-9478; 16) Includes bibliographical rerferences and index. ISBN 0-7146-5282-2 1.Sea-power – China – History. I. Title. II. Series. VA633 .K36 2002 359'.00951 – dc21 2002018815 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher of this book. With love to my father and mother, Norman E. Kane and Jean M. Kane. Warm, clear-sighted and educated. People who understood freedom and managed to achieve it. Parted only by death. From them I learned to think, to write and to accomplish. My greatest teachers and my closest friends. Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents Series Editor's Preface lX Acknowledgements Xl List of Abbreviations Xlll 1 China to the Sea 1 2 The History of Chinese Seapower 15 3 Principles of Chinese Seapower 33 4 Enter the People's Republic of China 53 5 The Twenty-first-Century PLAN 68 6 The Diplomacy of Chinese Seapower 108 7 Conclusion 139 Bibliography 146 Index 155 Page Intentionally Left Blank Series Editor's Preface This book establishes beyond doubt that China is building up manttme power in all its dimensions. The main units of its sea-going Navy are expanding in number, reach and military capacity. China's fishing and merchant fleet is now huge, and its leaders are developing the shore-side infrastructure to match. Thomas Kane shows that while these developments may be relatively new in contemporary terms, they actually fit into the pattern of centuries rather more easily. It has often been remarked that the Chinese navy of the period AD 1000-1500 was almost certainly the world's largest and technically most advanced maritime force. After this period, though, China failed to keep abreast of contemporary technological advances (especially in the radical transformation brought about by the development of naval artillery). This simple fact is a salutary reminder that the exclusive association of maritime thinking with Western experience, and largely British and American experience at that, can be profoundly misleading. In his exploration of Chinese maritime thinking, Thomas Kane implicitly hammers this vital point home. Investigating a navy also often offers a window into the internal development of the country that it is designed to defend. A navy illustrates the country's social and economic strengths and weaknesses; more to the point perhaps, it provides a means of assessing the strategic and international perspectives of the country's leaders. This is the main reason why so many people are interested in Chinese maritime thinking. China will be pivotal to strategic developments in the Asia Pacific in the twenty-first century and it is hard to exaggerate the attention with which its many neighbours look for clues as to its future intentions in their area. Moreover, the fact that the on-going disputes over the South China Sea and with Taiwan are primarily maritime in nature reinforces the centrality of naval developments to this kind of sometimes fevered investigation. In this book, Thomas Kane offers a calm and dispassionate review that will be of interest both to maritime analysts and to the world's China watchers. He concludes that China is indeed building up its maritime power, with the intent of propelling itself once more among the foremost of the great powers, and ends with some stimulating reflections on how the West and China's neighbours should respond to this development. In strategic terms, the Asia-Pacific region is overwhelmingly maritime in orientation. The economies of the area, now so crucial to the effectiveness of the world economy as a whole, depend absolutely on sea trade. Marine resources, fish, oil and gas are essential to the prosperity of many countries in the region.
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