Chinese Fatherhood, Gender and Family Father Mission Mario Liong PALGRAVE MACMILLAN STUDIES IN FAMILY AND INTIMATE LIFE Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Family and Intimate Life Series Editors Graham Allan Keele University United Kingdom Lynn Jamieson University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, United Kingdom David H.J. Morgan University of Manchester United Kingdom The Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Family and Intimate Life series is impressive and contemporary in its themes and approaches' - Professor Deborah Chambers, Newcastle University, UK, and author of New Social Ties The remit of the Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Family and Intimate Life series is to publish major texts, monographs and edited collections focusing broadly on the sociological exploration of intimate relationships and family organization. The series covers a wide range of topics such as partnership, marriage, parenting, domestic arrangements, kinship,demographicchange,intergenerationalties,lifecoursetransitions, step-families, gay and lesbian relationships, lone-parent households, and also non-familial intimate relationships such as friendships and includes fi fi works by leading gures in the eld, in the UK and internationally, and fl aims to contribute to continue publishing in uential and prize-winning research. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14676 MarioLiong Chinese Fatherhood, Gender and Family Father Mission MarioLiong CentennialCollege PokFuLam,HongKong PalgraveMacmillanStudiesinFamilyandIntimateLife ISBN978-1-137-44185-0 ISBN978-1-137-44186-7 (eBook) DOI10.1057/978-1-137-44186-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016959201 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 Theauthor(s)has/haveassertedtheirright(s)tobeidentifiedastheauthor(s)ofthisworkinaccordance withtheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthe whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. CoverdesignbyPaileenCurrie Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisMacmillanPublishersLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:TheCampus,4CrinanStreet,London,N19XW,UnitedKingdom To my parents, Hoen Foeng and Yau Tuen Acknowledgements I would like to thank Equal Opportunities Commission, Hong Kong, “ which commissioned the project Exploratory Study on Gender ” Stereotyping and Its Impacts on Male Gender to the Gender Research fi Centre, Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Paci c Studies at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, in which I was a co-investigator, for their permission to use the data in this book. The focus group and in-depth interviewdataoftheprojecthavecontributedtoanimportantpartofthe analysis in the book. I would like to extend gratitude to the principal investigator of the project, Susanne Choi, co-principal investigator Winton Au, and team members Angela Wong, Margaret Wong, Sally Lo, and K.C. Chao, for their insights, efforts, and kindness to make the collaboration both fruitful and pleasurable. I would like to express appreciation to my mentors, friends, and colleagues who have given me much encouragement and support, as well as insightful feedback and advice for this book project, especially Jeanne Marecek, Siumi Maria Tam, Ann Öhman, Anna Croon Fors, Kerstin Norlander, Linda Berg, Anna Foka, Alex Chan, Dannii Yeung, Grand Cheng, and Karita Kan. Special thanks to Isabella Ng, who has fi givenmemuchadviceandreassurance duringmytimesofdif culty,and vii viii Acknowledgements fi often has more con dence in my abilities than I do. I appreciate the support and understanding from John Malpas at Centennial College in accommodating mybookprojectintheworkarrangement.Ifeelgrateful to Jeanne Marecek and Kam Louie for writing short blurbs for my book. I am also grateful to Sharla Plant, Amelia Derkatsch, Harriet Barker, Andrew James, and Chris Grieves at Palgrave Macmillan for their patience, support, and generous assistance throughout the whole process of bringing this book to fruition. fi My eldwork and interviews could not have been successful without the generous help of my informants. I am grateful to them for allowing me to listen to their inner worlds and sometimes painful life experiences. I could feel their warmth and care during my participant observation in the discussion groups. Norcouldthishave beenachievedwithout myparents, YauTuenand HoenFoeng.Theircontinuedsupport,love,andcareweremymotivation fi in nishing it. I feel indebted to them for bringing me to this world and fl their sel ess support of my studies. Contents 1 Introduction: Chinese Fatherhood Revisited 1 2 FromControltoCare:HistoricizingFamilyandFatherhood in Hong Kong 39 3 Power of Invisible Care 73 4 Cultural Parent 109 5 Marrying Masculine Responsibility 139 6 Rethinking Chinese Fatherhood 171 ix x Contents Appendix 187 Bibliography 189 Index 213