Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea: Power Sources, Domestic Politics, and Reactive Foreign Policy PDF
Preview Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea: Power Sources, Domestic Politics, and Reactive Foreign Policy
Global Power Shift Richard Q. Turcsányi Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea Power Sources, Domestic Politics, and Reactive Foreign Policy Global Power Shift Comparative Analysis and Perspectives Serieseditor: XuewuGu CenterforGlobalStudies,UniversityofBonn,Bonn,Germany ManagingEditor: EnricoFels CenterforGlobalStudies,UniversityofBonn,Bonn,Germany InternationalAdvisoryBoard: LuisFernandes,PontificiaUniversidade,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil G.JohnIkenberry,PrincetonUniversity,USA CanrongJin,RenminUniversityofBeijing,China SrikanthKondapalli,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,India DingliShen,FudanUniversity,China KazuhikoTogo,KyotoSanyoUniversity,Japan RobertoZoboli,CatholicUniversityofMilan,Italy Ample empirical evidence points to recent power shifts in multiple areas of internationalrelationstakingplacebetweenindustrializedcountriesandemerging powers,aswellasbetweenstatesandnon-stateactors.However,thereisadearthof theoretical interpretation and synthesis of these findings, and a growing need for coherent approaches to understand and measure the transformation. The central issuestobeaddressedincludetheoreticalquestionsandempiricalpuzzles:Howcan studiesofglobalpowershiftandtheriseof‘emergingpowers’benefitfromexisting theories, and which alternative aspects and theoretical approaches might be suit- able? How can the meanings, perceptions, dynamics, and consequences of global power shift be determined and assessed? This edited series will include highly innovativeresearchonthesetopics.Itaimstobringtogetherscholarsfromallmajor worldregionsaswellasdifferentdisciplines,includingpoliticalscience,econom- ics and human geography. The overall aim is to discuss and possibly blend their differentapproachesandprovidenewframeworksforunderstandingglobalaffairs andthegovernanceofglobalpowershifts. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/10201 Richard Q. Turcsa´nyi Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea Power Sources, Domestic Politics, and Reactive Foreign Policy RichardQ.Turcsa´nyi InstituteofInternationalRelationsPrague Prague,CzechRepublic ISSN2198-7343 ISSN2198-7351 (electronic) GlobalPowerShift ISBN978-3-319-67647-0 ISBN978-3-319-67648-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67648-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017956339 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Acknowledgements Greatmanypeoplemademyeffortofdoingthisresearchpossible.Thetextofthis bookwasfirstdevelopedasaPh.D.thesisatMasarykUniversity,andIwouldlike tothankmyPh.D.supervisorProf.ZdeneˇkKrˇ´ıž.Fromthefirstmoment,hehasbeen essential support and the source of very pertinent questioning of my research directions.Iappreciateverymuchbothhisacademicsupervisionandhispersonal approach,whichmadeeveryinteractionwithhimapleasantandenrichingexperi- ence. Other members of the Department of International Relations and European StudiesatMasarykUniversitysupportedmeinvariouswaysduringtheyearsofmy studiesthere.TheheadofthedepartmentDr.PetrSuchy´ hasmadeeveryeffortin his capacity to help me with all academic and practical issues. Prof. V´ıt Hlousˇek supportedanumberofmyinternationalresearch stays,andIam alsothankful for his always welcoming personal approach. I have been lucky to cooperate with Dr.HedvikaKodˇouskova´,andher friendly adviceandpresence atthe department made my experience there very enjoyable. A number of other people at the department helped me in various academic or nonacademic ways, and I feel indebted to them, including Dr. Pavel Psˇeja and Dr. Petr Vil´ımek, who gave me the opportunity to teach in their courses which I appreciate very much. Prof. Bradley Thayer was extremely kind to discuss with me in a pleasant informal setting during his visiting stay in Brno. I would also like to thank specifically Martin Glogar from the Office of International Cooperation for his support in anythingIwasabouttododuringandaftermyPh.D.studies. The final version of this text was developed already at the Institute of Inter- national Relations in Prague, and I would like to thank a number of individuals there for their invaluable support. This goes especially to the director Prof. Petr Kratochv´ılforhispersonalandprofessionalattitudewhichmademefeelwelcomed and Dr. Ondrˇej Horˇky´-Hrubesˇ, Krist´ına Tamchynova´, and Petr Burda for their always timely willingness to help with whatever I have needed. I thank very muchClaireHawsandKla´raOvcˇa´cˇkova´ fortheirveryhelpfulresearchassistance and Jan Hrub´ın for wonderful language correction and editing. Finally, I am very v vi Acknowledgements gratefultoDr.RudolfFürstforhisprofessionalandfriendlyadviceandopinionsin justabouteverythingrelatedtoChina. Ihavebeenluckytohavetheopportunitytointeractpersonallywithanumberof superbinternationalexpertsduringmyresearchstaysandconferenceappearances in various parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. From among people who contributedinconsiderablewaystotheprocessorfinalformofthethesis,Iwould liketospecificallythankProf.ZhangQingminofPekingUniversity,Prof.XieTao from Beijing Foreign Studies University, Prof. Chen Zhimin and Prof. Ren Xiao fromFudanUniversity,Prof.SongLileifromTongjiUniversity,Prof.YehChung- luandProf.YuanIofNationalChengchiUniversityinTaipei,Prof.YuanJingdong of the University of Sidney, Prof. Go Ito from Meiji University in Tokyo, Prof. Shuhei Takemotoof Akita International University, and Prof. Victor Falkenheim, Prof.JohnKirton,Prof.LouisPauly,Prof.SevaGunitsky,andProf.RobertAustin all from the University of Toronto. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Stephen Clarkson of the University of Toronto for his extreme kindness he showedtomeduringmytimeinToronto.Ilearntwithdeepsadnessabouthisrecent passingaway. Athome,IfoundstablebackgroundatMendelUniversityinBrno,andIwould like to thank all my colleagues for their support, friendship, and understanding, namely, Dr. Jiˇr´ı Schneider, Prof. Libor Grega, Dr. Martin Hraba´lek, Dr. Ondrˇej Mocek, Dr. Eva Taterova´, and Dr. Vladimir Dordevic—but many others alike. In Bratislava,IwouldliketothankmycolleaguesattheInstituteofAsianStudiesfor theiractivecooperationineverythingwehavebeenthrough,inparticularDr.Lucia Husenicova´,Dr.Ro´bertOndrejcsa´k,FilipSˇebok,andformercolleaguesDr.Marian MajerandSˇimonDrugda.IwouldalsoliketothankmycolleaguesintheBrussels’ European Institute for Asian Studies, namely, Jim Stoopman, Alberto Turkstra, David Fouquet, Lin Goethals, and Axel Goethals who helped me to understand betterhowtheheartoftheEUpoliticsworks. FromamongmyCentralEuropeanChinaandAsia-watchercolleagues,Iwould like to thank Prof. Dominik Mierzejewski of the University of Lodz, Jakub Jakubowski from the University of Warsaw, Dr. Tama´s Matura of ESSCA in Budapest,AnastasVangelifromtheUniversityofWarsaw,Dr.DraganPavlicevic whoisnowatXianJiaotong-LiverpoolUniversityinSuzhou,Dr.MariaStrasˇa´kova´ and Dr. Petra Andeˇlova´ both from Metropolitan University Prague, Va´clav Kopecky´ and Ivana Kara´skova´ from AMO in Prague, and Dr. Gabriela Pleschova´ and Prof. Martin Slobodn´ık both from Comenius University. I have learnt a great dealfromallofthesepeopleabouttheirperspectivesofChina,Asia,andthestudy of international relations in general. Many of my opinions and ideas have been stimulated by the discussions with these people and many others, even though someofthemmightnotbeawareofthat. Iwouldliketothank allpeopleat Springer who participatedinthe process for theirveryefficient,professional,andfriendlycooperation.Thisappliesspecifically to the Managing Editor of the series Dr. Enrico Fels and Associate Editor Dr. Johannes Glaeser. Their academic and editing advice undoubtedly improved thequalityofthefinalversionofthetext. Acknowledgements vii On a personal level, I have been fortunate to have friends who have spread to variouspartsoftheworld.Manyofthemhostedmeduringmyunexpectedtripsor weregreatrelieftobealwaysathomereadytomeet.ThisappliesmainlytoMichal Dancˇisˇin and Cristina Corecha, Toma´sˇ Rosival, Lenka and Toma´sˇ Abelovsk´ı, MichalandKla´raRovinsk´ı,andSandraTeng,butmanyothersaswell. Finally, I have always enjoyed a stable support from my loving wife, who has alsocontributedasignificantamountofacademicandempiricalobservationstothe research.EverystepIhavemadesinceImetherseemsmeaningfulandjoyful.Big thank you to all my family members as well; I am extremely grateful for being raised in this environment and being able to rely on each of them ever since. Idedicatethisbookspecificallytomygrandparents. Obviously, all the best effort of this large number of respectable individuals notwithstanding,thetextundoubtedlycontainssomefaults,whicharemyown. Note on Transcription of Asian Names Chinese and other Asian names in the book will be Romanized according to how they most often appear in international context. In the case of the names from Mainland China, this means following the pinyin transcription system (in case of names of Taiwan origin, it would be mostly the Wade–Giles system). In case a name is commonly used in international context in other forms (such as ‘Chiang Kai-shek’),orinthecasethetextquotesorreferstoapersonwhouseshis/hername inothertranscriptions(suchasmanynamesofHongKongoriginorthenamesof overseas-bornChineseandAsians),theinternationallymostcommonlyusedform willbeused. ix Contents 1 ThePuzzleofChineseAssertiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 TheResearchDesignofThisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2.1 ConceptualizationofChineseAssertiveness. . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2.2 ElaborationoftheMainHypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.2.3 ElaborationoftheAlternativeHypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2.4 MethodologyandTheoreticalConsiderations. . . . . . . . . . 19 1.3 ContributionsandLimitationsoftheStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2 ChineseAssertiveActionsintheSouthChinaSea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1 BackgroundandHistoryoftheSouthChinaSeaDispute. . . . . . . 31 2.1.1 GeopoliticsandGeoeconomics. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 31 2.1.2 LegalContext. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.1.3 HistoryoftheDispute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2 ChineseAssertivePoliciesintheSouthChinaSea. . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.1 ThePre-2011Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.2 ThePeriodof2011–2016. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3 AComprehensiveConceptofPowerinInternationalRelations. . . . 61 3.1 China’sPower:TheoreticalandPracticalIssues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2 TheModelofPowerforAnalyticalUsein InternationalRelations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2.1 DefiningandConceptualizingPower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2.2 SourcesofPowerinInternationalRelations. . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.3 CriticalReadingoftheLiteratureonChina’sPower. . . . . . . . . . . 70 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 xi
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