Chinese and Botanical Medicines: Traditional Uses and Modern Scientific Approaches

167 Pages·2017·6.46 MB·English

Chinese and Botanical
Medicines

Chinese and Botanical
Medicines
Traditional Uses and Modern
Scientific Approaches
Raymond Cooper
Chun-Tao Che
Daniel Kam-Wah Mok
and
Charmaine Wing-Yee Tsang
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Cooper, Raymond, author. | Che, Chun-Tao, author. | Mok, Daniel,
author. | Tsang, Charmaine, author.
Title: Chinese and botanical medicines : traditional uses and modern
scientific approaches / Raymond Cooper, Chun-Tao Che, Daniel Mok and
Charmaine Tsang.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017025433| ISBN 9781482257588 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315118956 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Medicine, Chinese. | Materia medica, Vegetable. |
Herbs--Therapeutic use.
Classification: LCC R601 .C66 2017 | DDC 610.951--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017025433
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgment ..................................................................................xi
Authors .................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Background and content ..................................................1
Book contents ..........................................................................................4
Further suggested reading ....................................................................6
Chapter 2 The beginning of TCM in China and TCM
herbalism ............................................................................7
Classical TCM herbal literature ............................................................7
Botanical classification of TCM herbs ...............................................12
Identification of medicinal plants .......................................................15
Medicinal botany...................................................................................16
TCM preparations .................................................................................17
Internationalization of TCM ................................................................18
Further suggested reading ..................................................................20
Chapter 3 TCM theory and practice ...............................................21
Introduction ...........................................................................................21
What is Chinese medicine? ..................................................................21
Initiation of a theoretical system of Chinese medicine ....................21
Traditional categorization ...................................................................22
Cardinal characteristics of Chinese medicine ..................................23
Yin and yang theory and application to Chinese medicine ............25
Characteristics of yin and yang ...........................................................25
Wax and wane and transformation of yin–yang ..............................26
Summary of application of yin– yang theory in Chinese
medicine ..............................................................................................26
The five elements ..................................................................................26
The meaning of qi, blood, body fluids, and essence ........................30
v
vi Contents
Function of qi ........................................................................................30
Therapeutic modalities ........................................................................30
Herbology ..........................................................................................31
Acupuncture ......................................................................................31
Moxibustion .......................................................................................31
Cupping ..............................................................................................31
Exercise therapy ................................................................................31
Dietary therapy ................................................................................32
Medical massage (Tui-Na) and manipulation ..............................32
Bone setting ......................................................................................32
Diagnosis ...............................................................................................32
Palpation ................................................................................................36
Pulse examination ................................................................................36
Location of pulse ..............................................................................37
An example of a diagnosis .............................................................37
Further suggested reading ..................................................................39
Chapter 4 Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs ..........................41
Herbal drug character and property .................................................42
Herbal formulas ....................................................................................44
TCM dietary therapy ...........................................................................49
Biologically active ingredients from TCM herbs .............................50
Future prospects ....................................................................................51
Further suggested reading ..................................................................52
Chapter 5 Examples of TCM formulas used in Chinese
medicine ............................................................................53
Herbal medicine ...................................................................................53
Efficacy of TCM ....................................................................................55
Some examples of complex formulas used in TCM ........................55
Danggui-Buxue-Tang .............................................................................63
Four Gentlemen Decoction (Si Jun Zi Tang) ......................................64
Suan Zao Ren Tang (Sour Jujube Decoction) ......................................65
Further suggested reading ..................................................................66
Bibliography ...........................................................................................67
Chapter 6 Examples of single Chinese and botanical
medicines derived from TCM ......................................69
Introduction ..........................................................................................69
Evidence-based approach....................................................................70
Contents vii
Artemisinin: A Chinese miracle drug ...............................................70
Malaria ..............................................................................................70
Ginkgo ...................................................................................................73
Ginseng ..................................................................................................75
Introduction ......................................................................................75
Ginsenoside variation and standardization .................................75
Ratio of Rg1 and Rb1 and the yin and the yang ..........................75
Adaptogen and effects on exercise performance ........................77
Green tea ................................................................................................78
Introduction ......................................................................................78
Anticancer mechanisms of action .................................................79
Inhibition of NADH oxidase activity ............................................79
Chinese Cordyceps: Winter Worm, Summer Grass ........................80
Introduction ......................................................................................80
Life cycle of Cordyceps sinensis .........................................................81
Perceived health benefits .................................................................82
Salvia (Danshen) ...................................................................................83
Red yeast rice, Monascus purpureus ....................................................87
Dong quai, Angelica sinensis ................................................................88
Garlic ......................................................................................................89
Use of garlic in cardiovascular disease models ...........................90
Ephedra, Ephedra sinica ........................................................................92
Further suggested reading ..................................................................94
Suggested reading on Ginkgo ............................................................94
Suggested reading on Ginseng ...........................................................94
Suggested reading on Green tea ........................................................94
Suggested reading on Cordyceps .......................................................95
Suggested reading on Salvia ...............................................................95
Suggested reading on Garlic ...............................................................95
Chapter 7 TCM safety and regulations .........................................97
TCM safety concerns ...........................................................................97
Toxic compounds and contaminants in TCM herbs .......................98
Aristolochia and Asarum species ..........................................................98
The toxic Aconitum plants ...................................................................103
Datura metel L. ......................................................................................105
Xanthium sibiricum poisoning ............................................................106
Chinese medicinal products ..............................................................107
Po Chai Pills .....................................................................................107
PC-SPES ............................................................................................108
viii Contents
Further suggested reading .................................................................111
Bibliography .........................................................................................111
Chapter 8 The current use of TCM in China, Hong Kong,
and Southeast Asia .......................................................113
China .....................................................................................................113
TCM regulation in China ...................................................................114
Class 1 to class 9 drugs in China ......................................................114
Malaysia ................................................................................................116
Singapore ..............................................................................................117
Indonesia ..............................................................................................117
Australia ...............................................................................................117
Hong Kong ...........................................................................................118
TCM as part of the medical system in Hong Kong ....................119
TCM trading in Hong Kong ..........................................................120
TCM education in Hong Kong .....................................................122
TCM regulations in Hong Kong ..................................................123
TCM monographs ..........................................................................123
TCM in Hong Kong: Present and future ....................................123
Further suggested reading .................................................................124
Chapter 9 Global acceptance of TCM ..........................................125
Acceptance of TCM in the world .....................................................125
Resurgence of consumer interest: A need for better science
in botanical preparations ..................................................................128
TCM needs TQM .................................................................................129
Further suggested reading .................................................................131
Appendix: Plant names .....................................................................133
Glossary of terms ................................................................................137
Bibliography .........................................................................................141
Index......................................................................................................143
Foreword
Chinese Medicine has been around for several thousand years.
The early discoveries were necessarily empirical. Shen-Long was
recognized as the “god” of agriculture and medicine for his fear-
less trials of hundreds of herbs and the systematic characterization
of their clinical properties. Eventually, when written records were
gathered, there were numerous physicians who had contributed to
the advances of Chinese Medicine. Today, the international “norm”
of clinical medicine is clearly that of Western medicine. It has taken
advantage of modern science and technology and incorporated the
findings into medical applications. In this manner, Western science
and medicine were able to coevolve over the past 200 years. Chinese
Medicine, on the other hand, has been relatively slow in exploiting
these scientific and technological advances due to the difficulties of
integrating these modern advances into the principles of Chinese
Medicine, which were firmly established in the “ pre-scientific” era.
Nevertheless, Chinese Medicine plays a major role in the health-
care industry in China and other Chinese-speaking countries and
communities. In addition, Chinese medicine is making inroads into
the non-Chinese-speaking communities in the Western and other
countries. However, the impact remains understandably limited
due to the absence of proper translation of Chinese medicinal con-
cepts into many other languages. In this day and age, it seems logi-
cal to start with English, which is generally accepted as the “default”
language of internationalization and globalization.
I must therefore applaud the effort of the authors of this book.
This welcome book, titled Chinese and Botanical Medicines: Traditional
Uses and Modern Scientific Approaches, provides an elementary
framework of Chinese Medicine for the non-Chinese-speaking
public. It will also serve as a simple reference book for Chinese
Medicine practitioners to take up the further role, in addition to
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