China's Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change (Changing Regions in a Global Context: New Perspectives in Regional Geography Ser)

399 Pages·2011·7.35 MB·English

by  Gregory Veeck

China’s
Geography
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China’s
Geography
Globalization and the
Dynamics of Political, Economic,
and Social Change
Second Edition
Gregory Veeck, Clifton W. Pannell,
Christopher J. Smith, and Youqin Huang
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
Lanham (cid:129) Boulder (cid:129) New York (cid:129) Toronto (cid:129) Plymouth, UK
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Cartography by
Dr. Thomas R. Hodler, Professor Emeritus
Department of Geography
The University of Georgia
Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com
Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2011 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or
mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission
from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
China’s geography : globalization and the dynamics of political, economic, and social change /
Gregory Veeck . . . [et al.]. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7425-6782-5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6783-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-0-7425-6784-9 (electronic)
1. China. I. Veeck, Gregory, 1956– II. Title.
DS706.C51138 2011
915.1—dc22
2011002802
™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
Images and Tables vii
Acknowledgments xiii
1 China’s Path and Progress 1
2 China’s Natural Environments 16
3 Ancient Roots and Binding Traditions 48
4 The Political Geography of Emerging China 83
5 Population and Human Resources 111
6 The Production and Consumption of Culture in Postsocialist China 139
Christopher J. Smith
7 A Preface to China’s Changing Economic Geography 179
8 Agriculture: From Antiquity to Revolution to Reform 203
9 China’s Industry, Energy, Trade, and Transportation in a
Global Context 234
10 Urban Development in Contemporary China 268
Youqin Huang
11 Hong Kong before and after the Return 303
Christopher J. Smith
12 Macau (Macao) 328
13 Taiwan: Enduring East Asian “Economic Miracle” 342
Index 363
About the Authors 381
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Images and Tables
Figures
Figure 1.1 China and its Asian neighbors 2
Figure 1.2 China’s emerging economic regions 3
Figure 1.3 China’s first-order (provincial-level) administrative regions 10
Figure 2.1 China’s topography 17
Figure 2.2 China’s annual precipitation 19
Figure 2.3 China’s major environmental regions 20
Figure 2.4 China’s physical features 23
Figure 2.5 China’s rivers 25
Figure 2.6 Flooding and levee construction on the Yellow River 27
Figure 2.7 Potential water diversion routes, either hypothesized or under
construction 29
Figure 2.8 Climagraphs of selected stations in China 31
Figure 2.9 Isoline maps of China’s January and July mean temperature 33
Figure 2.10 A generalized map of China’s major soils and their distribution 37
Figure 2.11 A generalized map of China’s major vegetation types 39
Figure 3.1 China’s Paleolithic sites 49
Figure 3.2 Deposition and geological formation of the North China Plain 51
Figure 3.3 China’s Neolithic sites 52
Figure 3.4 China’s Longshan sites 55
Figure 3.5 Examples of Longshanoid pottery 56
Figure 3.6 Shang-influenced areas 57
Figure 3.7 Chinese language distributions 61
Figure 3.8 Qin dynasty territory 62
Figure 3.9 Han dynasty territory at greatest extension 65
Figure 3.10 Tang dynasty territory 67
Figure 3.11 The Grand Canal routes, original 68
Figure 3.12 The Song dynasty 69
Figure 3.13 Yuan (Mongol) dynasty 72
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viii IMAGES AND TABLES
Figure 3.14 The Great Wall with Ming territory 74
Figure 3.15 Ming China, 1368–1644 75
Figure 3.16 Qing dynasty China at greatest extent 77
Figure 4.1 China and its Asian neighbors 85
Figure 4.2 China’s claims in the South and East China seas 86
Figure 4.3 China’s strategic sea-lanes in the Indian Ocean and South and
Southeast Asia 92
Figure 4.4 China’s expanded security zone and the “second island chain” 93
Figure 4.5 China’s first-order administrative units 95
Figure 4.6 First-order administrative units for minority nationalities in
China 96
Figure 5.1 China’s population density, 2008 117
Figure 5.2 China’s natural population growth rate, 2008 119
Figure 5.3 Birthrates and death rates in China, 1949–2008 121
Figure 5.4 China’s birthrate, 2008 122
Figure 5.5 China, a population pyramid, 2005 124
Figure 6.1 The urban–rural income gap in China, 2005–2009 145
Figure 6.2a Overall growth and annual rate of change in Internet use,
China 2002–2009 147
Figure 6.2b Internet users as a percentage of the population: Global
comparisons, 1990–2008 148
Figure 7.1 China’s employment by sector, 1952–2008 183
Figure 7.2 Special economic zones (SEZs) and China’s open coastal cities 190
Figure 7.3 Treaty ports and other major cities in China 195
Figure 7.4 China’s per capita gross regional product, 2008 197
Figure 7.5 China’s regional scheme for national development 198
Figure 8.1 Fertilizer use in China by type, 1980–2008 209
Figure 8.2 Meat production in China, 1978–2008 213
Figure 8.3 Fruit production in China, 1978–2008 215
Figure 8.4 Changes in farmland devoted to vegetable production in China,
1978–2008 215
Figure 8.5 Crop distributions of selected crops 216
Figure 8.6 Changes in area sown to rice in China, 1990–2008 217
Figure 8.7 Agricultural regions of China 218
Figure 8.8 Fisheries and aquacultural production in China 228
Figure 8.9 Rural per capita incomes by province for China, 2008 230
Figure 9.1 China’s gross national product and share from industry,
1978–2008 235
Figure 9.2 Production of pig iron, steel, ferroalloys, and rolled steel in
China 244
Figure 9.3 Major areas of coal production in China 246
Figure 9.4 Production of crude oil and natural gas in China 248
Figure 9.5 Changes in output for select industrial products, selected years 251
Figure 9.6 Average annual wage for manufacturing workers by province,
2008 252
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IMAGES AND TABLES ix
Figure 9.7 Growth in freight ton kilometers by type of conveyance,
1980–2008 258
Figure 9.8 Map of China’s railway network, 2009 260
Figure 10.1 Urban population and the level of urbanization in China,
1950–2008 271
Figure 10.2 A typical design for traditional Chinese cities 275
Figure 10.3 Both the number of cities and existing cities grow rapidly
over time 279
Figure 10.4 Major interprovincial migration flows and net interprovincial
migration rate 285
Figure 12.1 Macau, Hong Kong, and the Pearl River Estuary 329
Figure 12.2 Historical map of the Macau Peninsula 330
Figure 13.1 Location map of Taiwan 344
Figure 13.2 Taiwan’s indigenous people 345
Figure 13.3 Taiwan population density by county, 2000 346
Figure 13.4 Topographic summary of Taiwan 347
Figure 13.5 Contemporary rail and highway transportation network of
Taiwan 355
Photographs
Photo 2.1 The Chang Jiang River near Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu
province, taken in the spring of 1987 26
Photo 2.2 Desert encroaching on stand of trees in the northern
Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, 2002 32
Photo 2.3 Canal feeding into the Grand Canal in Suzhou, 2002 34
Photo 2.4 Fenglin Forest Preserve in northern Heilongjiang province,
1998 40
Photo 2.5 Karst (Limestone) landscape in Guangxi Autonomous Region
(near Liuzhou City) in Southwest China, 1996 42
Photo 8.1 CAD-funded program in northern Ningxia Hui Autonomous
Region in Northwest China 208
Photo 8.2 Loessal terrain in Shanxi province in North-Central China 221
Photo 8.3 A picture of the Grand Canal taken from a hill in Hangzhou
City, Zhejiang province (1987) 222
Photo 8.4 Kazak herder in the Tian Mountains in Xinjiang Autonomous
Region (2003) 225
Photo 9.1 The express train from Beijing to Tianjin 263
Photo 10.1 Tiananmen Square in the heart of Beijing 276
Photo 10.2 The urban landscape of Shenzhen; the left of the river is
Hong Kong 280
Photo 10.3 The skyline of the Pudong New District, Shanghai 281
Photo 10.4 The largest migrant enclave in Beijing, “Zhejiang Village” 287
Photo 10.5 New private housing in suburban Beijing 288
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