China-Japan Rapprochement and the United States: In the Wake of Nixon's Visit to Beijing PDF
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China-Japan Rapprochement and the United States Based on extensive original research including interviews with key participants, this book examines how, following Richard Nixon’s famous visit to China in 1972, Japan established formal diplomatic relations with China, doing so before the United States and other Western countries. It considers the key personalities, Prime Minister Tanaka and Foreign Minister Ōhira on the Japanese side and Zhou Enlai on the Chinese side, outlines how the discussions unfolded, and discusses the key issues which divided the two sides and how these issues were resolved: Japanese war reparations to China, how the two countries perceived their past, how Taiwan should be treated, and possession of the Senkaku Islands. The book also shows how Tanaka and Ōhira sought to reconcile China–Japan relations with the US–Japan Security Treaty and to continue non-governmental exchanges with Taiwan following the severing of relations. Overall, the book emphasizes that the nature of the relationship established in 1972 continues to be very important for understanding present-day China–Japan relations. Ryuji Hattori is Professor in the Faculty of Policy Studies at Chuo University, Japan. Graham B. Leonard is an independent translator and researcher based in Seattle, Washington, USA. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia 5 Chinese Theatre Troupes in Southeast Asia Touring Diaspora 1900s – 1970s Zhang Beiyu 6 Memories of the Japanese Empire Comparison of the Colonial and Decolonisation Experiences in Taiwan and Nan’yō Guntō Edited by Yuko Mio 7 Prostitutes, Hostesses, and Actresses at the Edge of the Japanese Empire Nobuko Yamasaki 8 Cold War Cities The Politics of Space in Europe and Asia during the 1950s Edited by Tze-ki Hon 9 Chineseness and the Cold War Contested Cultures and Diaspora in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong Edited by Jeremy E. Taylor and Lanjun Xu 10 Revisiting Japan’s Restoration New Approaches to the Study of the Meiji Transformation Edited by Timothy David Amos and Akiko Ishii 11 Rice and Industrialisation in Asia A. J. H. Latham 12 China-Japan Rapprochement and the United States In the Wake of Nixon’s Visit to Beijing Ryuji Hattori For a full list of available titles please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge- Studies-in-the-Modern-History-of-Asia/book-series/MODHISTASIA China-Japan Rapprochement and the United States In the Wake of Nixon’s Visit to Beijing Ryuji Hattori Translated by Graham B. Leonard First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 Ryuji Hattori The right of Ryuji Hattori to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Translated by Graham B. Leonard All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. First published in Japanese in 2011 by Chūo Kōron Shinsha Inc., Japan as NICCHŪ KOKKŌ SEIJŌKA: TANAKA KAKUEI, ŌHIRA MASAYOSHI, KANRYŌ TACHI NO CHŌSEN by Ryuji Hattori © 2011 by Ryuji Hattori. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-032-20193-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-20194-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-26265-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/b22785 Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of figures and tables vii Preface viii List of acronyms x Timeline xi Usage notes xiv Introduction: the road to Beijing 1 1 Tanaka Kakuei and Ōhira Masayoshi: two types of leadership 8 2 The Nixon Shock – moving beyond Satō 23 3 Formation of the Tanaka government and the Takeiri Memo – first approaches to China 33 4 Under America’s Shadow – the Tanaka–Nixon summit in Hawaii 47 5 Taiwan – the Shiina–Chiang talks as Kanjinchō 58 6 Tanaka’s visit to China and the “Meiwaku” speech (September 25) 82 7 Zhou Enlai’s “Bluff” and Ōhira Masayoshi’s “Trump Card” (September 26) 92 8 The Senkaku Islands and Tanaka’s meeting with Mao (September 27) 103 vi Contents 9 The Sino-Japanese joint statement and severing of relations with Taiwan (September 28–30) 113 Conclusion: the spirit of Sino-Japanese peace 131 References 139 Index 152 Figures and tables Figure 0.1 Japanese Foreign Ministry Hierarchy (September 1972) 3 Tables 0.1 China’s Three Principles for the Restoration of Relations 3 5.1 Schedule of Special Envoy Shiina’s Visit to Taiwan 71 6.1 Tanaka and Ōhira’s Schedule for September 25 86 7.1 Tanaka and Ōhira’s Schedule for September 26 93 8.1 Tanaka and Ōhira’s Schedule for September 27 104 9.1 Tanaka and Ōhira’s Schedule for September 28 114 9.2 Japanese Schedule for September 29 115 Preface China casts an incomparably large shadow over Japan and the rest of Asia. This has always been the case, regardless of the era, but as China enjoys its current remarkable rate of development, its existence is becoming only more important. Japan’s relations with China potentially determines its fate. These two neighbors are never far from each other’s minds, and their relationship has shown itself capable of influencing international relations on a global scale. There can be no disputing that the 1972 normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan marked a major turning point in the 2,000-year his- tory of their relations. On September 25, 1972, Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei and Foreign Minister Ōhira Masayoshi arrived in Beijing. There, they met with Premier Zhou Enlai and other Chinese leaders for five days of tense talks that culminated in the signing of the Sino-Japanese joint statement (sometimes also referred to as the Sino-Japanese joint communique) on September 29. This rapprochement served as an opportunity for Australia, New Zealand, and even the United States to also establish diplomatic relations with China in the years that followed. The negotiations between Tanaka, Ōhira, and Zhou represent a distillation of the contentious issues that then held sway in Sino-Japanese relations: the payment of war reparation to China, how the two countries perceived their shared past, how Taiwan should be handled, and possession of the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea. Tanaka and Ōhira sought to reconcile Sino-Japanese relations with the US–Japan Security Treaty and to maintain non-governmental ties to Taiwan after severing relations with them. The personalities of the two principal Japanese figures behind normalization, Tanaka and Ōhira, were markedly in contrast with one another. Tanaka was bold and unconcerned with details while Ōhira was quiet and meticulous. It was pre- cisely this difference in personalities that caused them to become steadfast allies and to resonate together as they made skillful use of the Japanese bureaucracy. But if Tanaka and Ōhira played the primary roles in public, it was the offi- cials of the foreign ministry who took the lead behind the scenes. These officials worked well to provide the politicians with the support they needed during nor- malization. Working-level officials in the ministry such as Treaties Bureau Direc- tor Takashima Masuo, China Division Director Hashimoto Hiroshi, and Treaties Preface ix Division Director Kuriyama Takakazu played pivotal roles. Others include For- eign Affairs Councilor Nakae Yōsuke, who was in charge of Taiwan, and Ohara Ikuo, who returned to Tokyo from the Hong Kong consulate and translated the “meiwaku” speech into Chinese. Using diplomatic records from Japan, China, and Taiwan, as well as original interviews, this book examines the process through which the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan came to be and the nature of the political leadership exercised by Tanaka, Ōhira, and Zhou. This effort is indispen- sable for examining not only modern Sino-Japanese relations but also the US– Japan security framework. The Japanese leadership went to great pains to ensure that the US–Japan security framework would be maintained even as they pursued normalization with China. To discuss the normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and China is to examine one of the most critical moments in the history of East Asian inter- national politics and the nature of political leadership.
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