China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation

388 Pages·24.962 MB·English

by  Jean Chesneaux, Marianne Bastic, Marie-Claire Bergère

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China from the 1911 Revolution
to Liberation
Alberta A< /anced Education
Communit; ocational Centres
v
Box 1280
Slave Lake, Alberta
TOG 2A0
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THE PANTHEON ASIA LIBRARY
A Century of Japanese Photography; by Japan Photographers
Association
Chairman Mao Talks to the People: Talks and Letters, 1956-1971,
edited by Stuart Schram
China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution, by Jean
Chesneaux, Marianne Bastid, and Marie-Claire Bergere
China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation, by Jean Chesneaux,
Framboise Le Barbier, and Marie-Claire Bergere
China: The People's Republic, 1949-1976, by Jean Chesneaux
The Japan Reader, edited by Jon Livingston, Joe Moore, and
Felicia Oldtather
Volume 1 Imperial Japan: 1800-1945
Volume 2 Postwar Japan: 1945 to the Present
Origins of the Modern Japanese State: Selected Writings of E. H.
Norman, edited by John Dower
The Pacific War, by Saburo Ienaga
Peasants, Rebels, and Outcastes: The Underside of Modern Japan,
by Mikiso Hane
Report from a Chinese Village, by Jan Myrdal and Gun Kessle
Shinohata: A Portrait of a Japanese Village, by Ronald P. Dore
The Silk Road, by Jan Myrdal and Gun Kessle
Three Kingdoms: China's Epic Drama, by Lo Kuan-chung
Unforgettable Fire: Pictures Drazvn by Atomic Bomb Survivors,
by Japan Broadcasting Society, editors
Visions of China, by Marc Riboud
Watch Out for the Foreign Guests: China Encounters the West, by
Orville Schell
The Waves at Genji's Door, by Joan Mellen
The Wind Will Not Subside: Years in Revolutionary China, 1964-
1969, by David Milton and Nancy Dali Milton
China from the
1911 Revolution
to Liberation
by Jean Chesneaux, Francoise Le Barbier,
and Marie-Claire Bergere
Translated from the French
by Paul Auster and Lydia Davis
Chapters 1 to 3 translated by Anne Destenay
PANTHEON BOOKS, NEW YORK
Alberta Advanced Education
Community Vocational Centres
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English translation Copyright © 1977 by Random House, Inc.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House,
Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada
Limited, Toronto. Originally published in France as De la guerre franco-chinoise
a la fondation du parti communiste chinois, 1885-1921 and La Chine: La Marche
de la revolution, 1921-1949 by Hatier Universite, Paris, France. Copyright ©
1972, 1975 by Hatier.
China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation combines De la guerre franco-
chinoise a la fondation du parti communiste chinois (chapters 4-6) and La Chine:
La Marche de la revolution, 1921-1949.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation.
(The Pantheon Asia Library)
Translation of chapters 4-6 of De la guerre franco-
chinoise a la fondation du parti communiste chinois,
1885-1921, by J. Chesneaux, M. Bastid, and M.-C. Bergere,
v. 2 of Histoire de la Chine; and La Chine: La Marche de
la revolution, 1921-1949, by Chesneaux and F. Le Barbier,
v. 3 of the Histoire.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. China—History—Republic, 1912-1949.
I. Chesneaux, Jean. II. Le Barbier, Frangoise.
III. Bergere, Marie-Claire.
DS774.H47213 1977 951.04 77-76494
ISBN 0-394-41193-5
ISBN 0-394-73332-0 pbk.
Manufactured in the United States of America
987654
Since this copyright page cannot accommodate all the acknowledgments, they are
to be found on the facing page.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint
the following previously published material:
Cambridge University Press: A letter from W. R. Giles to G. E. Morrison
from The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison, edited by Lo Hui-min (Cam¬
bridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978), vol. 2, letter no. 935.
Da Capo Press: Selections from Report from Red China, by Harrison For¬
man. Reprinted by permission.
Harvard University Press: Excerpts from China’s Response to the West:
A Documentary Survey 1839-1923, translated by John K. Fairbank and
Teng Ssu-yu, and excerpts from The May Fourth Movement, by Chow
Tse-tsung. Copyright © 1954/1960 by the President and Fellows of Harvard
College. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Monthly Review Press: Selections from China Shakes the World, by Jack
Belden. Copyright 1949 by Jack Belden. Introduction copyright © 1970 by
Monthly Review Press. Selections from Fanshen: A Documentary of Revo¬
lution in a Chinese Village, by William Hinton. Copyright © 1966 by William
Hinton. Selections from The Great Road: The Life of Chu Teh, by Agnes
Smedley. Copyright © 1956 by the Estate of Agnes Smedley. All reprinted
by the permission of Monthly Review Press.
G. P. Putnam’s Sons and Jonathan Cape, Ltd.: Selections from Birdless
Summer and A Mortal Flower, by Han Su-yin. Copyright © 1968/1966 by
Han Su-)dn. Reprinted by permission.
Robert P. Mills, Ltd.: Selections from Red Star over China, by Edgar Snow.
Reprinted by permission.
William Morrow & Company, Inc.: Brief excerpt from The Stilwell Papers,
by Joseph W. Stilwell. Copyright 1948 by Winifred A. Stilwell. Brief excerpt
from Thunder Out of China, by Theodore H. White and Annalee Jacoby.
Copyright 1946 by William Sloan Associates, Inc. Copyright renewed 1974
by Theodore H. White and Annalee Jacoby. Both reprinted by permission
of William Morrow & Company, Inc.
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Contents
List of Maps vii
1. From Republic to Dictatorship: 1912—1916 3
The Beginnings of the Republic: January 1912-March 1913
The Dictatorship of Yuan Shi-kai: March 1913—June 1916
The Revolution of 1911 and the Evolution of Modern
China 20
2. The Republic of the Warlords: 1916-1919 33
Central Power in China 33
Provincial and Regional Dissent 43
Economic Expansion 49
The Beginnings of Intellectual Radicalism 54
3. The May Fourth Movement: 1919-1921 65
May 1919 and Its Significance 66
The Central Government Crisis Worsens 75
Pressure from Centrifugal Forces 80
Toward the Founding of the Communist Party 86
Conclusion: 1885-1921 98
4. China in 1921 104
The Burden of the Unequal Treaties 105
The Burden of the Old Agrarian Regime 111
The Failure of the Western Model 116
Unequal Development and National Cohesion 125
5. From the Founding of the Communist Party to the
Reorganization of the Guomindang: July 1921-
January 1924 133
China Under the Warlords 133
The Hesitant Experiments of the Bourgeoisie and
the Communists 140
Contents
.
6 The Growth of the Revolution from 1924 to 1927
and Its Failure 155
Reorganization of the Guomindang and the Development
of Popular Struggles 155
The National Governments Offensive Against the North 164
The Break Between the Communists and the Guomindang 170
.
7 China Under the Guomindang from 1927 to 1934 185
_
«
Bases of the Guomindang Regime 185
Political Crises of the Nanking Regime 199
.
8 The Communist Movement from 1927 to 1934 212
The First Red Bases 215
The Struggle in the Cities 222
The Soviet Republic of Jiangxi 229
.
9 The Long March:
The Political Turning Point of 1935-1937 243
New Political Balance Between the Guomindang and
the CCP 243
The Movement for a United Front 251
.
10 The Guomindang War and the
Japanese Occupation: 1937-1945 260
The Guomindang War 260
<(Free China” 269
The Japanese Occupation and the Collaborators 276
.
11 The Communist Movement from 1937 to 1945 287
The Anti-Japanese Bases from 1937 to 1941 288
Yanan, A New Type of Chinese Society 294
The Liberated Zones from 1942 to 1945 304
12. The Fall of the Guomindang: 1945-1949 314
Toward a Coalition Government? 315
Guomindang Offensives and Their Defeat: July
1946-1947 322
Nationalist Collapse and the Coming to Power of the
People’s Republic of China: 1948-1949 331
Conclusion 346
Glossary of Chinese Terms and Names 350
For Chapters 1-3 350-355
For Chapters 4-11 35 6-3 5 8
Index 359