Page iii China among Equals The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries Edited By Morris Rossabi Page iv University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 1983 by The Regents of the University of California Composition in Hong Kong by Asco Trade Typesetting Ltd. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: China among equals Revised papers from a conference held in Issaquah, Wash., July 1978. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. China—Foreign relations—To 1644. 2. China— History—960–1644. I. Rossabi, Morris. DS750.82.C46 951´.02 8111486 ISBN 0520043839 AACR2 ISBN 0520045629 (pbk.) Page v CONTENTS List of Maps viii List of Contributors ix Note on Transliteration xi Preface xiii Introduction 1 Morris Rossabi Part I China in Disarray One 17 Diplomacy for Survival: Domestic and Foreign Relations of Wu Yüeh, 907– 978 Edmund H. Worthy, Jr. Part II The Sung Dynasty in a MultiState System Two 47 The Rhetoric of a Lesser Empire: Early Sung Relations with Its Neighbors Wang Gungwu Three 66 Barbarians or Northerners: Northern Sung Images of the Khitans Tao JingShen Page vi Part III Institutions for Foreign Relations in the MultiState System Four 89 Sung Foreign Trade: Its Scope and Organization Shiba Yoshinobu Five 116 Sung Embassies: Some General Observations Herbert Franke Part IV Foreign Lands and the Sung Six 151 National Consciousness in Medieval Korea: The Impact of Liao and Chin on Koryo * Michael C. Rogers Seven 173 Tibetan Relations with Sung China and with the Mongols Luciano Petech Eight 204 Old Illusions and New Realities: Sung Foreign Policy, 1217–1234 Charles A. Peterson Part V The Mongol Hegemony Nine 243 The Yüan Dynasty and the Uighurs of Turfan in the 13th Century Thomas T. Allsen Page vii Ten 281 Turks in China under the Mongols: A Preliminary Investigation of TurcoMongol Relations in the 13th and 14th Centuries Igor De Rachewiltz Part VI China's Foreign Relations in Historical Context Eleven 313 Yin and Yang in the China–Manchuria–Korea Triangle Gari Ledyard Glossary of Chinese Characters 355 List of Abbreviations 373 Bibliography 377 Index 409 Page viii MAPS 1. The Five Dynasties Period in China, 923–936 A.D. and 951–960 A.D. 18 2. East Asia, 1141 A.D. 67 3. The Mongol Domains, 1290 AD. 244 Page ix CONTRIBUTORS Thomas Allsen (Ph.D, University of Minnesota) teaches Asian history at Trenton State College. He specializes in the history of the Mongol empire and has written articles in Ming Studies, Sung Studies, and other journals. Herbert Franke received his doctorate from the University of Cologne and is Professor Emeritus of Far Eastern Studies at the University of Munich, and President of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. He has written extensively on the history and culture of the dynasties of conquest in China. Among his numerous publications is Geld und Wirtschaft in China unter der Mongolenherrschaft. Gari Ledyard (Ph.D., Berkeley) teaches Korean history and East Asian studies and is Chairman of the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at Columbia University. He is the author of The Dutch Come to Korea and other studies on East Asian history. Luciano Petech (Ph.D., Rome) teaches Tibetan and East Asian history at the University of Rome. The author of China and Tibet in the Early 18th Century, he has written numerous specialized works on Tibet. Charles Peterson (Ph.D., University of Washington) is an Associate Professor of History at Cornell University. He has contributed to the Cambridge History of China: Sui and T'ang and Perspectives on the T'ang. Igor de Rachewiltz (Ph.D., Australian National University) is Senior Research Fellow at the Australian National University. He has published works on the Mongol era, including Papal Envoys to the Great Khans, and is translating The Secret History of the Mongols in the Papers on Far Eastern History (1971–80). Michael Rogers (PhD., Berkeley) teaches Korean history at the University of California, Berkeley. He has written extensively on Koryo *'s relations with the Chin, Liao, and Sung dynasties. Page x Morris Rossabi (Ph.D., Columbia) teaches East Asian and Central Asian history at Case Western Reserve University. Author of China and Inner Asia and specialized publications on Chinese, Muslims, and Central Asian history, he is preparing a booklength biography of Khubilai Khan. Shiba Yoshinobu studied Chinese economic history at the University of Tokyo and is now Professor of History at Osaka University and a Research Fellow of the Toyo Bunko. One of his influential works has been translated into English as Commerce and Society in Sung China. Tao Jingshen (Ph.D., Indiana University) teaches Chinese history at the University of Arizona. His latest book is The Jurchen in TwelfthCentury China. Wang Gungwu (PhD., University of London) is Professor of Far Eastern history and Director of the Research School of Pacific Studies at the Australian National University. He is serving as President of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. His numerous publications include The Structure of Power in North China during the Five Dynasties. Edmund Worthy (Ph.D., Princeton University) was formerly Assistant Director of the American Historical Association and is Assistant Director of the National Council on the Aging. He has pursued research on the Five Dynasties Period. Page xi NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION The transliteration of Mongol follows the system developed by A. Mostaert in his Dictionnaire Ordos (Peking, 1941) as modified by Francis W. Cleaves in his articles in the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. The only deviations for this volume are these: is ch is sh is gh q is kh is j The WadeGiles system is used to romanize Chinese except for such commonly accepted romanizations as Peking and Sian. The contributors to this volume have used different editions of the dynastic histories. Each edition is cited in the footnotes and the bibliography.
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