China 1839-1997

329 Pages·2016·14.333 MB·English

by  Michael Lynch

accestso h istory
China
1839-1997
MICHAELLY NCH
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LEARNM ORE
DYNAMIC
LEARNING
Chi1n8a3 9-1i9as9v 7a ialsaa Sb tlued eeTnetx tbook.
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accetsohs i story
China
1839-1997
MICHAELLY NCH
accetsohs i story
China
1839-1997
MICHAELLY NCH
HODDER
i7
EDUCATION
ANH ACHETTUEK C OMPANY
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A catalorgeuceo frodtr h itsi tilsae v ailafbrloemt heB ritiLsihb rary
ISB9N7 81 471839184
Contents
CHAPT1E RC hin1a8 39-60 1
1 Then atuorfeM anchruu le 1
2 TheO piumW ars 8
3 Rebellainodnt sh eQ inrge spontsote h em 17
CHAPT2E RT heo pengio nfC hintaof orgenier1s8 60-1901 22
1 MissionairnCi heisn a 22
2 Thes elfe-nsgttrhenmionvge ment 26
3 TheS ino-JapaWnaer1s 8e9 4-5 32
4 TheB oxeUrp ris1i8n9g8 -1900 34
CHAPT3E RD efeaatn dr evolut19i0o1n- 25 47
1 Thed ownfaolftl h eM anchduy nas1t9y0 1-11 48
2 Keyd ebate 55
3 Ther uloefY uanS hik1a9i1 2-16 56
4 WarloCrhdi na 61
5 The4 M ayM ovemen1t9 19-27 63
6 TheN ationa(lGiMsDtu)sn deSru nY atse1n9 12-25 67
7 TheC hineCsoem muniPsatr ty (CCP) 69
CHAPT4E RN ationaalnidsC tosm munis1t9s2 4-45 73
1 TheG MD-CCPU niteFdr on1t9 24-7 73
2 TheC ommunisutnsd eMra oZ edong 81
3 TheG uomindaunngd eJri angJi(eCshhiiaK nagi shek) 89
CHAPT5E RT heJ apanetsher eaantd C ommunitsatk eov1e9r3 1-49 101
1 TheJ apaneoscec upatoifCo hni n1a9 31-7 102
2 TheS ino-JapaWnaer1s 9e3 7-41 106
3 TheS ino-JapaWnaer1s 9e4 -15 116
4 TheC ommunitsatk eov1e9r4 5-9 121
CHAPT6E RC hinaan dt hew idewro rl1d9 49-76 129
1 TheP RC'isn ternatpioosniatlai nodnr egioinsaslu es 130
2 TheP RC'rse latiwointtshh eU SA 131
3 TheP RC'rse latiwointtshh eS oviUenti on 136
4 Thei mpacotft heC ultuRreavlo lutoineo nxe trnaalf fairs 149
CHAPT7E RG overnmeencto,n omayn ds ocieutnyd eMra oa fte19r4 9 154
1 GovernmeonfCt h inuan deMra oa fter1 949 154
2 Keyd ebate 161
3 Thee conomiyn:d ustry 163
4 Thee conomayg:r iculture 172
5 Socicahla nguen deMra o 178
v
Contents
CHAPTSE RTheC ultuRreavlo lut1i9o6n6 -76 187
1 Origitnhsep: o wesrt rug1g9l6e 26- 188
2 Thec ourosfet heC ultuRreavlo lution 195
3 TheR edG uards 202
4 TheP LAa ndt hel asstt agoeft heC ultuRreavlo lution 208
5 Thee ffecotfts h eC ultuRreavlo lution 215
6 Keyd ebate 223
CHAPT9E RD engX iaopgi n 228
1 Thep owesrt rugagflteeM ra o'dse ath 228
2 Economriecf orDme:n g'Fso uMro dernisations 234
3 Politriecparle ssainodtn h ep ro-democmroavceym en1t9 79-89 241
e:MQd;lial
Chinaan dt hew idewro rl1d97 8-79 252
1 Chinaasa r egiopnoawle irn A sia 252
2 Reconciliwaittoihlo den n emies 257
3 TheP RCa ndH ongK ong 260
4 Chinam'esm bershoifip n ternatoirognaanli sations 264
CHAPT1E1R C onclugd siunrvey 271
1 Theg overnmeanntdr uleorfCs h in1a8 39-1997 271
2 Thee conomayn dt heg rowtohfi ndus1t8ry3 9-1997 273
3 SocieitnCy h in1a8 39-1997 276
4 Chinaan dt hew idewro rl1d8 39-1997 278
5 Ideoloagnidei sn dividbueahlisne dc onomgirco wt1h8 60-1997 280
Studgyu ide 285
GlossoafrC yh inensaem es 305
Glossoafrt ye rms 306
Furthreera dgi n 314
Index 317
Dedication
KeiRtahn d(el1l9 43-2002)
ThAec cetsoHs i stsoeryrw iaecsso nceainvddee dv elboypK eedi wthho,c reaats eedrt io'e csa ftoerr
studeanstt hsea yr neo,at s mwieg whits thh etmob eH'e.l eaavl eisv lienggao cfasy e rtiheafsto o rv er
20y eahrasps r oviadt eruds stteidm,u laantdwie nlgl -alcocvoemdp antiopm oesntts- t1u6Od uyr.a im
witthh enseewe ditiitsoo cn osn titnoou fefs etru detnhbtees sp to sssiubplpefo ortrth esitru dies.
vi
Chin1a8 39-60
In1 839Ch,i nwaa sa na ntiqeumep irreu lebdyt heM anchduy nastPyo.l itiacnadls loyci ally
conservaittci ovnes,i deirtesdes lufp ertiooa rl olt henra tioYnestw. i th3in0y earisth ad
beenf orcbeyds trongWeers terpno wertsos urrenmduecrh o fi tisn dependeanncdke e y
partosfi ttse rrittoot rhye mT.h esdee velopmeanntdts h es hoctkh ecya usetdot he
Chineasreet hes ubjeocftt h icsh aptwehri,c sht uditehsem ateriuanld etrh e following
headings:
* Then aturofeM anchruu le
* TheO piumW ars
* Rebellainodnt sh eQ inrge spontsote h em
Keyd ates
2200sc BeginnoifCn hgi nar'esc orded 1841 ConventoifoC nh 'uan-pi
history
1842 TreaotfyN anjing
551-479LsifocefC onfucius
1850 BeginnoifTn agi piRnegb ellion
1644 BeginnoifnM ga nchruu loefC hina
1794 McCaretyn'msi ssitooCn h ina 1856-60S econOdp iumW ar
1839-42F irOspti umW ar 1860 TreaotfyT ainjin
Then aturoefM anchur ule
of
� Whatw erteh ed istincchtairavcet erisMtainccshC uh ina?
I
L----------------------------------------------------------· �
KEYTERMS
Recorhdiesdti onCr hyi ndaa tfersoa mr ou2n2d00 cBa nids customarily
measubryre edf erteotn hcfeei ftiempeenr idayln astwiheisrc hu lferdo m Imperdiyanla stRiulebesy
thatti muen ttihlee a rtlwye ntiethAD .Ic n1e 8n3tt9uh,rre ye igneimnpge ror heredretmapreyr obresl onging
waasm embeorft hMea nchhuo ustehl,ea dsytn atsort uylC eh inbae fotrhee toa p artichuoluasre .
overtohftr hoiewm pesryisatlie ntm h ree volouf1t 9i1o(1ns peaeg 4e)8 . ManchAul skon owna st he
Qingt,h el asitm perdiyanla sty
ThMea nc(hQuid nygn)a sty (6I4 4-1I9)1.
Thewraeas n o ddiatbyot uhtpe o siotfti hoMena nchauses m peroofCr hsi na.
Ast heniarm ien dictahteceyas m,fe r oMma nchuarl iaarn,go er th-eastern
1
Chi1n8a3 9-1997
stattheao tr igilnaaoylu ltysC ihdienS at.r iscptelaykt ihnegr,e tfhoreru elo,ef
thMea nchwua st hiem posiotffi oornea iugtnh oorvieCtrhy i nIait.ts r uteh at
thMea nchcua mteoa bsosromb a nays peocfCt hsi nceuslet tuhratetot he
outsoibdsee risvtee erm tehdat thd ei ffepreeonpwtle erisen distinguishable.
Neverthtehlmeea sjsoH,ra intCy h inneesvele orts hte siern osfbe e isnugb ject
toa lireunl ewrhsi,ce hx plwahiynw sh eCnh inneastei onbaelgiatsnodm e velop
int hnei neteceennttihuot rf yt eexnp reistssieedntl hffe o romfa nti-Manchu
agitaAtnii onnt.e reesxtaimnopgflt eh wiasts h sey mbocluitcto ifbnfygt he
Chinoefst eh epiirg ttahitelr sa,d iMtainocnhhaual i rswthyilceh b eheand
imposuepdot nh em.
Imperlruei al
Thee mperwoarst hper incriuplaaenlrmd a gisternattiteto,cl oemdp lete
obedifernocme s huibsja encgdto sv ernomfefnitTc hiieam lpse.rt iiawtlal se
heredaintcdal rayi amnea db soaluutteh oTrhireti ygt.ho ht o lsdu cahu thority
l
� wabsa soend f au ndamefnetaatolufC r hei npeoslei atnisdco aclti hailn king:
KEYF IGURE
Confuciaas neiotsfi m d,ed arsa wfnr otmh tee achoiftn hpgeh ilosopher
Confuc(iu5s5 1-479aCco)n fuciwuhsol, i vferdo5 m5 t1o4 79sc.
TheL atsiendni a meo ft he
Confucianism
Chinessceh olKaorn gF uzi,
whosei deaisn flueCnhcienda Confuciiassno imsemt ilmoeossd eelfyia nsaer de libguittoh nii,mss i sleading.
fotrh ousaonfdy se arasn d Confuwcainsuo sat r eligtihoiunIskwt ea rst. h wiosr alndtd h pee opwliet hin
contintuose h apCeh inese
itth amta tteHriebsda .s ic pwraistn hcuaintpl lepese so pllieva enod r delriefde ,
thinktiondga y.
sochiaarlm ownoyu lbdei mpsositboal ceh iaenvcdeh aaonscd o nfwloiucltd
follTooaw c.h iheavrem oannyod r dietr nweacse stshaasrtoy c isehtoyub led
�
KEVTERM strucitnau crceodr dwaintfchoe ue rs senrtuilTaehlse .ws eer e:
StatquusoT hee xisting • thaec ceptoaftn hscete a tquuso
politaincdsa olc isayls t.e m • thoeb edioefcn hciel tdort ehnep iarr ents
• thoeb edioefwn icvete ots h ehiurs bands
• thoeb edioeftn hcpeee optlote h eem peraonhrdi osf ficials.
Iwta nso stu rprtihsaCiton ngf uciwaintiihsti msn, s isotned necfee rteon ce
authoarnitdth nyee etdoc onfotroem x isltaiwnpsgr, o vheidg haltyt ratcot ive
Chineam'pse rTohraesb .s orliugtoheftt h eem pertoorr u lheaod r igibneaelnl y
establbiyfs ohreocdfae r mWsh.a wta nse edweadas j ustiffiohcroa ltdiionng
powetrha dtin do dte pesnodl oenlm yi limtiagrhCyto .n fuciparnoivsimd ed
exactthlabyyta ssertthiaontbg e diteopn rcoep aeurt howraiset sys enttoti hael
existoefanv cier tuhoaursm,o niousE mspoecrciooerntssy i.s ctleanittmlheyad t
anyownheod isputtheecdio rn twraodsl a magtihnpegr opaenrnd a tuorradle r
oft hinagnsd nwoattsob et olerSautccehhd a.l lebnegcearsmsoe c oiuatlc asts
anwde rter eawtietgdhr esaetv eCrhiitngy.aa inaer de putfaottrih omene rciless
wayid te awlitti hn terrenbaell Cloinovnisrc.et bewedel rste r eaatsce odm mon
crimiannapdlu sb leixcelcyub tyme edt hosdusca hsb eheadisntgr aonrg ulation.
2
ChaptIe Crh i1n8a3 9-60
Thei mpericaolu rt
�
KEYTERMS
Theem perfoorr,m arlelfyet roar se' dH iCse lesHtiigahlnr eesssi'id,nte hde
ForbiddCeint iyn B eij(iePnkgi nvge)n,t uoruitnsgoi ndloeyn s pecoicacla sionFsor biddCeinty Beijing's
top erfpourbmcl eirce mosnuicaehssb ,l estshisene ga sohnaarlvI ewtsa tis. n greatest monau ment,
thFeo rbiCdidtteyhn aa tlt lh geo vernomfefniwtce erssei tuaantwdeh de re spaciwoaulsl iendn ecri ttyh at
hadb eent heh omeo ft he
thceo urtwiheosr esr vtehedem pelriovrTe hdae.b soluotfti hesemm p eror
emperoarnsd t hec oursti nce
meantth apto wewra ns ostp redaodw nwaIrwtda sus.n thintkhaatbthl ee
1368.
peopslheo ulda nhsyaa viyeng overnTmherene ts.wu alstt h iatd esausca hs
EunuchSse lecytoeudn g
democrpaacryl,i amaennrdte aprrye segnotvaetrinvwmeee rnuetn knoiwnn
menw how erec astraatte d
Chinpeoslei Stuiccphso .l iatsdi icodsc ctuorop kl awciet htihcneo uarntwd e re
ane aralgye a nds pentth eir
essenatm iaatltolefyrr i vianld iviadnugdar losuc posm peftoitrnh gee m peror'lsi aftec ourTth.e positwiaosn
attenatnifdoa nv our. eagersloyu gahftte arn dt o
bec hosewna sr egardaesad
Courtw alshi efaevr ielgyu laantfdeo dr mal. tAhcmeoo unrgtw ieerare s
greahto nour.
signinfuimcbaoenfertu nuchrse sponfsotirhb eelv ee ryrduanyn oifnt gh e
ConcubinGeisr alnsd y oung
couOrnte.o ft hepiarr tidcuutlwiaaersts o w atocvhe trhc eo ncubi,nc ehsosen
womenc hosefno trh eir
womewnh ol ivienadc ouhratr eamn wdh osreo slien ogrlc yo llecwtaistv oe ly
attractivaenndbe rsosu gthot
satitshefemy p ersoerx'usa l annwdeh eidmss . Dtehgseop sisatinepi d n triguec ourTto. b es elecbtreodu ght
thaftl ouriinss uhceahdc losaettmeods pthhepera et,to efir mnp ercioaulr t greaptr iduep ont heg iarnld
herf amily.
proceehdairdne gmsa isnuebds tatnhtseia amlfelo fyro umri llennia.
MandariAn sc laosfs
Them andarins educatbeudr eaucwrhaot s
assisttheeed m peroirn
Iwta st hper edomionfCa onncfeu ciianon fifsimtc hiianlkt ihnasgte cutrheed
governCihnign a.
posiotfaip oanr ticularlcyl aiisnins mf pleurCeihnait-lnit aahlme a ndari.n s
Thewseer sec hotlraarisin nte hdse u btloefCt oinefsu lceiaarnn Tihnewgye. n t
throaus gehr oifre isg eixda minaOtnicotenh seh.ya pda sstehde tshee,jy o ined
ane xclucsliaovsfoes f fiwchiora alCnsh iunnad tehrae u thoorfti hteeym peror.
Asg overnomfefnitic nti haeelm sp eror'asn adcs lo oucgraotlv erinnCo hrisn a's
provitnhceewyse ,ri en dispetnots haoebp leer aotfii mopne rruilaTelh. e
importaadnmcien istorfta htmeia vnedlayrm iandtseh eams ocainapdlo litical
eliwtheoz, e aloguusalrytd heedpi rri viAlletgheostu.hg edhyi n do stu rvliovneg
inttoht ew entietht hceeeixnrit sutroeyvn,etc rhe o usoafny desa rsa t lreafdti tion
ofb ureauccornattbriyaoc nle xclugsriovouefpp riviolfefgietcdhi awatal sts ob e
paralblyte hlreeu dlo eft hCeo mmunPiasrtit nty w ent-iceetnht ury( sCehei na
pag1e5 4).
ThMea ncvhiue owfC hina'isnt hpwelo arcled
TheC hinweosrefd o Crh iinzsah ognguom, eani'ntgmh ied dklien gdoor'm t'h e
centorfte hw eo rlUdn'tt.ih lne i neteceenntthCu hriyhn,aa rd e garidtesades l f
as ociseutpye troia olorlt heIrdtsi h.da voec casionawli tcthoho neut tascitdse
worlbdui,tnt e vceorn sidtehreesedes paesc siiaglnliyfI irtce atnatais. ne ends e
ofi tosw nu niqueOnveestrsh .o usoafny desau rnsd,te hre orfiu tlesem perors,
ihta dde velaod peeebdpe ltiheiafwtt a sas elf-sucfuflitwcuhirieecnn het e ded
nothfirnogfm o reniagtni Tohndesi .s miCshsiivnee set odt eesrcmtr hieb e
3