Children's Illustrated World Atlas - New Edition - DK - 2017

2017·58.4 MB·English

Ch i ld ren’s
Illust rated
World Atlas
Consultant
Dr Kathleen Baker
Senior Lecturer in Geography, King’s College London (retired)
Senior Visiting Fellow, London South Bank University
Written by
Simon Adams • Mary Atkinson • Sarah Phillips • John Woodward
A Dorling Kindersley Book
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Contents
This EdiTion
Senior dedKit dorE lRhuipa Rao ACTIVE PLANET iv
JackEedt idtoers iNgneehra DRuhtihre Snadmrau Seilngh PLANET PEOPLE vi
JackSeetsn ieodri tDorTiPal d ceosoirgdnienra tHora rPisrhiy Aanggkaar Swhaalrma MAPPING THE WORLD 1
DTP designer Jaypal Chauhan
Managing jackets editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya
Pre-production manager Balwant Singh
Production manager Pankaj Sharma
Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal
Managing art editor Govind Mittal
dK london
Senior editor Anna Streiffert Limerick
Senior art editor Spencer Holbrook
US Senior editor Shannon Beatty
US Editor Karyn Gerhard
Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford
Senior jacket designer Mark Cavanagh
Jacket editor Claire Gell
Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT
Producer, pre-production Andy Hilliard
Producer Gary Batchelor
Managing editor Francesca Baines
Managing art editor Philip Letsu
Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler
Art director Karen Self
Design director Philip Ormerod
Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf NORTH AMERICA 2
FirsT EdiTion WESTERN CANADA AND ALASKA 4
Project editors Lucy Hurst, Sadie Smith, Shaila Awan, Amber Tokeley EASTERN CANADA 6
Art editors Joe Conneally, Sheila Collins, Rebecca Johns, Simon Oon, Andrew Nash
Senior editor Fran Jones USA: NORTHEAST 8
Senior art editor Floyd Sayers
Managing editor Andrew Macintyre USA: SOUTH 10
Managing art editor Jane Thomas
Picture research Carolyn Clerkin, Brenda Clynch USA: MIDWEST 12
DK Pictures Sarah Mills
Production Jenny Jacoby USA: WEST 14
DTP designer Siu Yin Ho
Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford USA: SOUTHWEST 16
Cartographer Ed Merritt
Digital Cartography Encompass Graphics Limited MEXICO 18
Satellite images Rob Stokes
3D globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London CENTRAL AMERICA 20
THE CARIBBEAN 22
First American Edition, 2003
This edition published in the United States in 2017 by
DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
Copyright © 2003, 2008, 2011, 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited
DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC
17 18 19 20 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001—305057—July/2017
All rights reserved.
Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-1-4654-6238-1
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales
promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact:
DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
[email protected] SOUTH AMERICA 24
NORTHWEST SOUTH AMERICA 26
Printed and bound in Hong Kong
BRAZIL 28
A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 30
ATLANTIC OCEAN 32
www.dk.com
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ASIA 74
TURKEY AND THE CAUCASUS 76
RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN 78
THE NEAR EAST 80
THE MIDDLE EAST 82
CENTRAL ASIA 84
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 86
WESTERN CHINA AND MONGOLIA 88
EASTERN CHINA AND KOREA 90
JAPAN 92
AFRICA 34 MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA 94
NORTHWEST AFRICA 36 MARITIME SOUTHEAST ASIA 96
NORTHEAST AFRICA 38 INDIAN OCEAN 98
WEST AFRICA 40
CENTRAL AFRICA 42
SOUTHERN AFRICA 44
AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA 100
SOUTHWEST PACIFIC 102
AUSTRALIA 104
EUROPE 46
NEW ZEALAND 106
SCANDINAVIA AND FINLAND 48 PACIFIC OCEAN 108
THE BRITISH ISLES 50
THE LOW COUNTRIES 52 ANTARCTICA 110
FRANCE 54 ARCTIC OCEAN 111
GERMANY AND THE ALPINE STATES 56
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 58 GAZETTEER 112
ITALY 60 INDEX 134
CENTRAL EUROPE 62 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 136
SOUTHEAST EUROPE 64
BULGARIA AND GREECE 66
UKRAINE, MOLDOVA, AND ROMANIA 68
BALTIC STATES AND BELARUS 70
EUROPEAN RUSSIA 72
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Active Planet
Active Planet
DOWN TO THE CORE
Earth formed from iron-rich asteroids
that smashed together to build the
E planet. Early in its history it melted,
arth is a dynamic planet that is always allowing the heavy iron to sink
and create a metallic core. This is
changing its form. Heat generated by nuclear
surrounded by lighter rock, with
reactions deep below the surface creates hugely the lightest forming Earth’s crust.
Most of the water on the planet
powerful currents that keep Earth’s rocks on
lies in great oceans, and above
the move, triggering earthquakes and volcanic them is the layer of air that
forms the atmosphere.
eruptions. Meanwhile, solar energy striking the
planet in different ways creates currents in the air,
Lower atmosphere,
driving the atmospheric turmoil of the weather. This 10 miles (16 km) thick
changes with the seasons and from place to place,
Crust, 5–45 miles
creating an enormous range of climates and habitats (8–70 km) thick Solid inner
for the most dynamic element of all—life. Mantle, 1,800 miles core, 1,515
(2,900 km) thick Liquid outer miles (2,440
core, 1,400 miles km) across
(2,250 km) thick
North American Plate North THE PLATES OF EARTH’S CRUST
American Plate Heat generated deep within the planet creates currents
in the mobile mantle rock beneath the crust. These
Eurasian Plate
currents drag some sections of the cool, brittle crust
apart while pushing other parts together, fracturing
the crust into separate plates. The biggest of these span
Caribbean
oceans and continents, but there are many smaller
Plate
plates. At their boundaries the plates may be diverging
Pacific
Cocos Plate Plate (pulling apart), converging (pushing together), or
African Plate sliding past each other at transform faults.
Pacific
Plate South American Indo-Australian Key to map
Plate Plate
Transform Divergent
Nazca fault boundary
Plate Antarctic Plate
Uncertain Convergent
boundary boundary
WHERE MOVING PLATES MEET 1 Continental crust, much 5 Oceanic crust formed from 9 Hot-spot volcano erupting
The boundaries between the plates are thicker than oceanic crust heavy basalt rock over mantle plume
volcanic earthquake zones. The plates move
very slowly, pulling apart at divergent 2 Broad basin formed near 6 Upper mantle, mainly solid 10 Ocean trench marking
boundaries. This allows hot rock below to uplifted area but very hot convergent plate boundary
melt, erupt, and cool to form new crust—
especially at the spreading rifts that form 3 Ancient converging 7 Mantle, solid but mobile 11 Volcano erupting over
mid-ocean ridges. Meanwhile at convergent boundary, now inactive owing to heat currents convergent boundary
boundaries, one plate slides beneath 4 Mountains created when 8 Spreading rift forming 12 Earthquake zone—one plate
another, pushing up mountain ranges and plate boundary was active a mid-ocean ridge grinding under another
making volcanoes erupt. Other volcanoes
erupt over hot spots in the mantle below 13 Plates pulling apart, creating
the crust. a rift valley
10
9 11
2 8
4
5 13
6
12
1 7
iv 3
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Active Planet
North Pole
THE SEASONS
Earth spins on a tilted axis, so as it orbits the Sun once December is
a year the North Pole points towards the Sun in June and March is the the southern
away from it in December. This means that in regions northern spring summer and
north of the tropics it is summer in June but winter northern winter
in December—and the opposite to the south of
the tropics. Near the Equator it is always warm,
but there are annual wet and dry seasons.
Arctic Circle,
South Pole where Sun’s rays
are dispersed
Cold air (in blue) Earth’s axis
becomes chilled in
upper atmosphere
Warm air (in red)
heats up near
Earth’s surface June is the
northern The Sun
summer and
Equator, where
southern winter
Sun’s rays are
concentrated
Tropic of
Cancer
Tropic of
Capricorn
Descending cool, COLD POLE
dry air over The tropics are the hottest part of the
desert zone planet because the Sun’s rays strike them
directly, concentrating the heat energy.
Near the poles the same amount of heat
JUNGLE AND DESERT energy is spread out over a broader area,
Concentrated sunlight near the Equator heats so it does not have as much heating
Sahara Desert Earth’s surface, warming the air above. The warm effect, even in summer. At midwinter,
Convergent air rises, carrying moisture with it. This forms huge the entire polar region is in permanent
boundary clouds that spill tropical rain, fueling the growth darkness, so it gets no solar energy at
of rainforests. The dry, cooling air then flows north all and is bitterly cold.
and south and sinks over the subtropics, creating
deserts. Similar air circulation patterns affect the
climate in the far north and south.
Rainforest,
Borneo
ANNUAL RAINFALL
Some parts of the world get far more rain than others. Key to map
The wettest regions are mainly rainforest zones, where
year-round rain and warmth promote lush plant growth.
Less than 20 in (50 cm)
Rising Regions of moderate rainfall are naturally forests and
warm, grasslands, although much of this land is now used for
moist air farming. The driest regions may be too dry for many 20–79 in (50–200 cm)
near plants to grow, creating deserts—but they also include
Equator some northern forest zones and polar tundra. More than 79 in (200 cm)
Atacama Desert,
Chile
Cool, dry air sinks
over desert zone
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Planet People
Planet People
S 10
N
O In 2050 there are expected to
LI 8 be more than 9.5 billion people
L
BI
T N 6
he number of people on the planet has quadrupled since N I
1900. Much of this growth has taken place in the developing world, TIO 4
A
which is now home to more than 80 percent of the population. UL 2
P
Many of these people are very poor and do not experience the PO
living conditions that most citizens of the developed world take for 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
granted. This is changing, however, especially in nations such as YEAR
China, India, and Brazil. Here, new technology and international POPULATION INCREASE
For centuries, the number of people on the planet stayed
trade are fueling rapid economic growth that is transforming how the same, at roughly 300 million. But since the 1750s, better
people live. But as more of the planet’s people demand more of living conditions and health care have allowed more babies
to survive, causing a population explosion. Since 1950, the
its scarce resources, there may be some difficult challenges ahead. population has soared from 2.5 billion to nearly 7.5 billion
today. It will keep growing, but probably not quite so fast.
Russia
POPULATION DENSITY
On this map the area of each United
part of the world is adjusted to Kingdom
reflect the number of people who Canada China
live there. For example, Japan’s EUROPE
Japan
population of 127 million is far ASIA
bigger than that of Australia, with NORTH
23 million, so it is shown much AMERICA United
larger here despite being a smaller States
country. More people live in
Nigeria—186 million—than in all Philippines
of of Russia. But the nations with India
the biggest populations by far
AFRICA
are India and China, each with SOUTH Pakistan
far more than 1 billion citizens. AMERICA
Nigeria
Indonesia
AUSTRALASIA
FAMILY SIZE
All over the world, some women have more
children than others, but the average varies from AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE
continent to continent. European women have
1.6 children on average, so two families may
have three children between them. This is far
fewer than in Africa, where the population is
growing faster despite higher death rates among
children. Worldwide the average is 2.5—more
than enough to replace both parents. 4.7 children 2.2 children 2.2 children 1.9 children 2.4 children 1.6 children
per woman per woman per woman per woman per woman per woman
BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
If the birth rate is the same as the death rate, the population A country with few young people
stays the same. But in most countries, the birth rate is higher. is said to have an aging population.
In Niger, west Africa, there are 44.8 births but only 12.1 deaths But these school children in Burundi,
per 1,000 people, and the population is growing at 3.2 per cent east Africa, are part of a youthful
a year. Brazil’s population is also growing, with 14.3 births population, with fewer old
against 6.6 deaths. By contrast, Lithuania has a shrinking people. Both situations
population, with 10 births outweighed by 14.5 deaths. can cause problems.
NIGER BRAZIL LITHUANIA
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Planet People
38,000,000
CITY POPULATIONS
As populations grow, people
tend to move from the country
to a city to find work. Today,
one-third of the world’s people
live in cities, which grow bigger 21,000,000 20,999,000
every year. Some are colossal,
like Tokyo—the largest city in 18,770,000
Asia. The other cities shown 18,590,000
here are the most populous
on each continent. They are
vibrant centers of civilization,
but some cities are fringed by 10,310,000
sprawling shantytowns, where
poor people live in makeshift
shacks with no proper services 4,500,000
such as clean water.
TOKYO SÃO PAULO MEXICO CITY CAIRO NEW Y ORK LONDON SYDNEY
LANGUAGES SPANISH
These are the 10 most common languages worldwide, HINDI ARABIC
sized in proportion to the number of native speakers.
Chinese outstrips the others because China has such a CHINESE
huge population. But Spanish comes next because it is
the main language of many Latin American countries,
such as Mexico. English is almost as common, thanks
mainly to being the language of the United States. It is
also used as an international language for trade.
Christianity
2.2 billion
ENGLISH PORTUGUESE RUSSIAN
BENGALI PUNJABI
JAPANESE
Islam
1.6 billion
Others
Sikhism 23 million
Juche 19 million
Spiritism 15 million
Hinduism
Judaism 14 million
1 billion
Baha’i 7 million
Jainism 4.2 million
Shinto 4 million
Cao Ðái 4 million
Zoroastrianism 2.6 million
Buddhism
Tenrikyo 2 million
487 million Chinese
Neo-Paganism 1 million
traditional Indigenous
300 million 300 million African Unitarian
traditional Others Universalism 800,000
100 million 97.7 million Rastafarianism 600,000
Scientology 500,000
RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS
1.6 children Almost three-quarters of the world’s population are followers of
per woman Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. But many people follow
other faiths, particularly in China where the traditional folk religion,
Shenism, is practised by nearly one-fifth of the huge population.
The “ indigenous” and “ African traditional religions” data points are
both groupings of different, but similar, religions. Others are listed
at far right, in order of popularity. AFRICA 29% EUROPE 74% SOUTH AMERICA 67% MIDDLE EAST 57%
% of population
using the
ONLINE ACCESS Internet
Over the last decades, the Internet has become a vital ASIA 46% CENTRAL AMERICA 53%
tool for global business, education, and politics, so
the more people who can use it, the better. These
charts show the percentage of people with Internet % of population
access both worldwide and in particular regions. not using the
Australia, North America, and Europe lead the field, Internet
but the number of Internet users is growing fastest AUSTRALIA 92% NORTH AMERICA 89% WORLDWIDE 50%
in the Middle East and Africa.
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Planet People
WEALTH
A country’s wealth is often measured in terms of the
money it earns in a year divided by its number of
inhabitants. This is called its Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) per capita. Both Norway and Qatar make lots
of money from exporting oil and gas, and since they
have small populations their GDP per capita are very
high. Burundi in east Africa has only one-twentyfifth
of the income of Qatar divided between five times
as many people, so its GDP per capita is very low.
Burundi Bolivia Lithuania Japan Canada Qatar Norway
$277 $3,076 $14,147 $32,477 $43,248 $73,653 $74,400
BUSIEST AIRPORTS
Air travel has expanded enormously since the 1950s,
when international air travel was a luxury enjoyed by
a few wealthy people known as the “ jet set.” Today,
flying is often the most economical way to travel, as
well as the quickest. This is reflected in the vast number
of passengers who pass through the world’s airports as
they travel for business or pleasure. The world’s busiest
airport is Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport
in Atlanta, with more than 100 million people arriving
and departing each year. The graphics below show
the busiest airport in each continent, and number
of passengers.
N. AMERICA:
Hartsfield-Jackson, Atlanta, USA
AIRBUS A380
The growth in air travel has led to the development
of giant airliners such as the Airbus A380. When it
entered service in 2007, this was the world’s largest
ASIA:
passenger plane, capable of carrying up to 853 people.
Beijing Capital, China EUROPE:
Heathrow, London, UK
AUSTRALIA
& OCEANIA: S. AMERICA:
101.5 million Kingsford Smith, Guarulhos, São AFRICA:
Sydney, Australia Paulo, Brazil Tambo,
89.9 million Jo’Burg,
75 million South Africa
39.9 39.2
million million 19.1
million
TRADE
Although air freight is an important
element of international trade, about
90 percent of cargo by weight is
transported by sea. Altogether, this
adds up to around 11 billion tons of
freight. Much of this is transported
in containers, carried by more than
5,000 container ships. The busiest shipping
routes link Europe and North America
with the Middle East and Far East, with
ports such as Singapore, Shanghai, Dubai,
and Rotterdam handling most of the trade.
Traffic in millions of tons
400+
300–400
200–300
100–200
20–100
10–20
5–10
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