Children's Illustrated Encyclopedia

605 Pages·2010·116.53 MB·English

by  DK Publishing

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MORE THAN 1,000 LINKS TO SAFE, vi n d T E
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HOMEWORK-HELPFUL WEB SITES
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CHILDREN’S
ILLUSTRATED
ENCYCLOPEDIA
NEW EDITION

CHILDREN’S
ILLUSTRATED
ENCYCLOPEDIA
LONDON, NEW YORK,
MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI
First edition 1991
Senior Editor Ann Kramer
Senior Art Editor Miranda Kennedy
Editors Christiane Gunzi, Susan McKeever, Richard Platt, Clifford Rosney
Art Editors Muffy Dodson, Debra Lee, Christian Sévigny, Val Wright
Picture Research Anne Lyons
Additional Research Anna Kunst, Deborah Murrell
Picture Manager Kate Fox
Production Manager Teresa Solomon
Editorial Director Sue Unstead
Seventh edition 2010
Editor Ashwin Khurana
Senior Art Editor Sheila Collins
Project Editor Jenny Finch
Managing Editor Linda Esposito
Managing Art Editor Diane Thistlethwaite
Publishing Manager Andrew Macintyre
Category Publisher Laura Buller
Picture Researchers Myriam Megharbi, Karen VanRoss
DK Picture Library Martin Copeland
Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford
Production Controller Angela Graef
Production Editor Marc Staples
Jacket Designer Natalie Godwin
Jacket Editor Mariza O’Keeffe, Joanna Pocock
Jacket Manager Sophia Tampakopoulos
US Editor Nancy Ellwood
First American edition 1991: revised 1993, 1998, 2000, 2006
This edition published in the United States in 2010
by DK Publishing
375 Hudson Street,
New York, New York 10014

10 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
176414 - 05/10
Copyright © 1991, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2006, 2010 by Dorling Kindersley Limited London.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
First published in the United States under the title
The Random Hosue Children’s Encyclopedia by Random House in 1991.
A catalog record for this book is
available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-75665-759-8
Hi-res workflow proofed by Colourscan, Singapore
Printed and bound by Hung Hing, China
Discover more at
www.dk.com
C
ONTENTS
HOW TO USE Black Death 76
THE WEBSITE 7 Black holes 77
Brain and nerves 78
A Brazil 79-81
Bridges 82
Abolitionist movement 8 Bronze Age 83 D
Buddhism 84
Aboriginal Australians 9
Butterflies and moths
Africa 10-13
85-86 Dams 151
Africa, history of 14-15
Byzantine Empire 87 Dance 152
African Americans 16
Darwin, Charles 153
Aircraft 17-18
C Declaration of Independence
Alexander the Great 19
154
Alphabets 20
Deep-sea wildlife 155-156
American Revolution 21-22 Caesar, Julius 88
Democracy 157
Animals 23-24 Cameras 89
Depression of the 1930s
Animal senses 25-26 Camouflage, animal 90
158
Antarctica 27-28 Canada 91-93 French Revolution 224
Desert wildlife 159-160
Ants and termites 29 Canada, history of 94 Frogs and other
Digestion 161
Archaeology 30-31 Caribbean 95-96 amphibians 225
Dinosaurs 162-163
Architecture 32-33 Cars 97-98 Fruits and seeds 226-227
Disease 164
Arctic 34-35 Castles 99-100
Dogs, wolves, and foxes
Argentina 36-37 Cats 101-102 Gas 228
165-166
Armor 38 Caucasus Republics 103 Genetics 229-230
Drugs 167
Asia 39-42 Caves 104 Geology 231
Asia, history of 43-44 Celts 105 E Germany 232-235
Assyrians 45 Central Africa Glaciers and ice caps 236
Astronauts and 106-107 Glass and ceramics 237
space travel 46 Central America 108-109 Ears 168 Government and politics
Astronomy 47-48 Central Asia 110-111 Earth 169-170 238-240
Atlantic Ocean 49-50 Charlemagne 112 Earthquakes 171 Grassland wildlife 241-242
Atmosphere 51 Chemistry 113 East Africa 172-174 Gravity 243
Atoms and molecules 52 China 114-117 Ecology and food webs Greece 244
Australia 53-56 Christianity 118-119 175-176 Greece, Ancient 245-246
Australia, history of 57-58 Churchill, Sir Winston Edison, Thomas 177
Austria 59 120 Egypt, Ancient 178-179 H I
Aztecs 60 Cities 121 Einstein, Albert 180 (cid:116)
Civil rights 122 Electricity 181-182 Habsburgs 247
B Civil War 123-124 Electronics 183 Health and fitness 248-249
Climates 125 Elephants 184 Heart and blood 250
Babylonians 61 Clocks and watches 126 Elizabeth I 185 Heat 251-252
Baltic States and Belarus 62 Coal 127 Energy 186 Helicopters 253
Barbarians 63 Cold War 128-129 Engines 187-188 Hibernation 254
Barton, Clara 64 Colombia 130 English Civil War 189 Hinduism 255
Baseball 65 Colonial America 131 Europe 190-193 Hispanic Americans 256
Basketball 66 Color 132 European Union 194 Hockey 257
Bats 67 Columbus, Christopher Europe, history of 195-196 Holidays 258
Bears and pandas 68 133 Evolution 197-198 Holocaust 259
Bees and wasps 69 Comets and meteors 134 Explorers 199-200 Horses, zebras, and asses
Beetles 70 Communism 135 Eyes 201 260-261
Benin Kingdom 71 Composers 136-137 F G Human body 262-263
Big Bang 72 Computers 138-139 (cid:116) Human rights 264
Congress 140
Biology 73
Birds 74-75 Conquistadors 141 Farm animals 202-203 Immigration 265-266
Conservation and Farming 204 Incas 267
endangered species Farming, history of 205 India and subcontinent
142-143 Fish 206-207 268-271
Constitution 144 Fishing industry 208 Indian Ocean 272-273
Continents 145 Flies and mosquitoes 209 Industrial Revolution
Cook, James 146 Flight, animal 210-211 274-275
Corals, anemones, and Flowers and herbs 212-213 Indus Valley civilization 276
jellyfish 147 Football 214 Information technology
Crabs and other Force and motion 215 277-278
crustaceans 148 Forest wildlife 216-217 Insects 279-280
Crocodiles and Fossils 218 Internet 281
alligators 149 France 219-222 Inuits 282
Crusades 150 Franklin, Benjamin 223 Iran 283
Ireland 284-285 Prehistoric life 422-423 T
Iron Age 286 Prehistoric peoples 424
Iron and steel 287 Presidency 425 Technology 513-514
Islam 288
Teeth 515
Israel 289 R
Telephones 516
Italy 290-292
Telescopes 517
Radio 426 Television 518-519
J K L
(cid:116) (cid:116) Radioactivity 427 Theater 520-521
Rain and snow 428 Time 522
Japan 293-295 Reformation 429 Tornadoes and hurricanes
Jefferson, Thomas 296 Religions 430-431 523
Jesus Christ 297 Renaissance 432-433 Trade and industry
Joan of Arc 298 Reproduction 434-435 524-525
Judaism 299 Reptiles 436-437 Trains 526-527
Rivers 438 Transportation, history of
Kennedy, John F. 300 Robots 439 528-529
King, Jr., Martin Luther 301 Muhammad 361 Rockets and missiles 440 Trees 530-531
Knights and heraldry Muscles and movement 362 Rocks and minerals 441-442 Tubman, Harriet 532
302-303 Mushrooms, toadstools, Roman Empire 443-444 Turkey 533-534
Korea 304 and other fungi 363 Roosevelt, Franklin
Korean War 305 Music 364-365 Delano 445 U V W
Musical instruments Russian Federation 446-449 (cid:116) (cid:116)
Labor movement 306 366-367 Russian Revolution 450 Ukraine 535
Lake and river wildlife Myths and legends 368
United Kingdom 536-539
307-308 S
United Kingdom, history of
Lakes 309 N O
(cid:116) 540-541
Languages 310
Satellites 451 United Nations 542
Law 311-312 Napoleon Bonaparte 369 Scandinavia 452-454 United States of America
Leonardo da Vinci 313 National parks 370 Science 455 543-546
Lewis and Clark 314 Native Americans Science, history of 456-457 United States, history of
Light 315-316 371-372 Seashore wildlife 458-459 547-548
Lincoln, Abraham 317 Navigation 373 Shakespeare, William 460 Universe 549
Lions, tigers, and other Nests and burrows 374 Sharks and rays 461
big cats 318-319 New Zealand 375-376 Shells and shellfish 462 Victorians 550-551
Literature 320-321 New Zealand, history of 377 Ships and boats 463-464 Vietnam War 552
Lizards 322-323 Normans 378 Skeletons 465-466 Vikings 553
Low Countries 324-325 North Africa 379-380 Slavery 467-468 Volcanoes 554
Lungs and breathing 326 North America 381-384 Snails and slugs 469
Nuclear energy 385 Snakes 470 Washington, George
M
Numbers 386 Soccer 471 555
Soil 472 Water 556-557
Machines 327-328 Oceans and seas Sound 473 Weather 558-559
Magnetism 329 387-388 South Africa 474-475 Weights and measures
Mammals 330-331 Ocean wildlife 389-390 South America 476-479 560
Mandela, Nelson 332 Octopuses and squid 391 South America, history of West Africa 561-564
Mao Zedong 333 Oil 392 480-481 Western expansion 565
Marsh and Olympic Games 393 Southeast Asia 482-485 Whales and dolphins 566-567
swamp wildlife 334 Ottoman Empire 394 Southeast Europe, Central Wheels 568
Mathematics 335 Oxygen 395 486-487 Wind 569
Maya 336 Southeast Europe, Women’s rights 570-571
Medicine 337 P Mediterranean 488-489 Wonders of the ancient
Medicine, history of 338-339 Southern Africa 490-491 world 572
Medieval Europe 340-341 Pacific Ocean 396-397 Soviet Union, history of World War I 573-574
Metals 342 Painters 398-399 492-493 World War II 575-576
Mexico 343-344 Painting 400-401 Space flight 494-495 Worms 577
Microscopes 345 Persians, Ancient 402 Spain 496-499 Writers and poets
Microscopic life 346 Phoenicians 403 Spiders and scorpions 578-579
Middle East 347-349 Photography 404-405 500
X Z
Migration, animal 350 Physics 406 Sports 501-502
(cid:116)
Money 351 Pilgrims 407 Stars 503-504
Mongol Empire 352 Pirates 408 Statue of Liberty X-rays 580
Monkeys and Planets 409-410 505 Zoos 581
apes 353-354 Plants 411-412 Stone Age 506
Moon 355 Plastics 413 Storms 507
INDEX 582–593
Mosses, liverworts, Polar wildlife 414-415 Submarines 508
Gazetteer 594-596
and ferns 356 Political parties 416 Sumerians 509
Mountains 357 Pollution 417-418 Sun 510
Mountain wildlife 358 Ports and waterways 419 Supreme Court 511 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Movies 359-360 Portugal 420-421 Switzerland 512 597–600
A
BOLITIONIST
MOVEMENT
TO ZOOS
HOW TO USE THE WEBSITE
1. Enter the website address
www.children.dkonline.com
2. Find the keyword at the top of the
page above the entry heading.
3. Enter the keyword.
4. Click on the chosen link.
5. Go back to the book for your
next chosen subject.
6. Enter a new keyword.

HAPPY SURFING!
7
www.children.dkonline.com >> abolition
A
BOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
T
HE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE promised equality for all,
leading many Americans to question the inequalities of slavery. A movement
to abolish slavery and the slave trade took root throughout the Northern
states in the late 1780s. Its supporters were known as abolitionists. Although
there had been protests against slavery since colonial times,
mostly by religious groups, the slave population continued
to grow, and tensions between the free states of the
WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT North and the slave states of the South escalated.
Among several important female
Through newspapers, speeches, and public meetings,
campaigners, Sojourner Truth
(above) played an active role in abolitionists spread the word about the horrors of
the abolitionist movement. Born
slavery, despite strong opposition by Southern
into slavery in 1797, she was freed
in 1827. She traveled the nation slaveholders and their supporters. Others helped
with her moving message about support the Underground Railroad, a network of
the rights of slaves and women.
houses and people who illegally helped escaping
slaves reach safety in the nonslave states. Their
crusade spread to England, where abolitionists
worked to end the international slave trade.
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN
No other abolitionist writing had the political impact of
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
After a trip to a Kentucky plantation, a horrified Stowe FREDERICK DOUGLASS
decided to write about the evils of slavery. Her novel was Born a slave in Maryland, Frederick
simple and melodramatic, but its vivid descriptions of Douglass escaped to New York when
he was 21 years old. He became one
suffering and cruelty turned many people against slavery.
of the greatest antislavery speakers of
Sales were astonishing – 300,000 copies were sold within
his time, highlighting the terrible
a year. In the South, Stowe was brutally criticized, but her treatment of slaves. His newspaper,
book proved an effective attack on slavery. North Star, advocated equality not
only for slaves but also for women.
FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM
Those who opposed slavery joined together to fight for JOHN BROWN
its abolition. Abolitionists traveled throughout the North, Some abolitionists felt slavery could only be
spreading their message through rallies, debates, and ended by force. In October 1859 abolitionist
speeches. One of the most powerful groups was the John Brown and a small band of followers
mounted an unsuccessful raid on a government
American Antislavery Society, founded in 1833. Its
weapons store at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. The
founder, William Lloyd Garrison, published a newspaper
local militia killed most of his men, and Brown
called The Liberator to campaign for an end to slavery. was captured, tried for treason, and hanged.
An abolitionist rally
Find out more
Civil rights
Civil war
Declaration of independence
Tubman, harriet
8
www.children.dkonline.com >> Aboriginal Australians
A
BORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS
T
HE FIRST INHABITANTS of Australia were nomadic (wandering) people
who reached the continent from Southeast Asia about 40,000 years ago. When
Europeans settled in Australia at the end of the 18th century, they called these
native inhabitants “Aboriginals,” meaning people who had lived there since the
earliest times. Today there are about 455,000 Aboriginals in Australia. Most live in
cities, but a few thousand still try to follow a traditional way of life. They travel
through the bush, hunting with spears and boomerangs (throwing sticks)
and searching for food such as plants, grubs, and insects. They have few
ART possessions and make everything they need from natural materials. This way
Aboriginal of life does not change or harm the fragile environment of the Australian
art is mostly
outback (the interior). The well-being of the land, and its plants and
about
Dreamtime animals, are vital and sacred to the Aboriginal people.
and is made
as part of the ceremonies celebrating
Private ceremonies and secret
Dreamtime. Paintings of the people,
rituals are an important
spirits, and animals of Dreamtime
part of Aboriginal life.
cover sacred cliffs and rocks in tribal Through dancing,
territories. The pictures are made in singing, and
red and yellow ocher and white clay, chanting, young
and some are thousands of years old. Aboriginal
people learn
about
Dancers, singers, and musicians paint The didjeridoo, a wooden wind
their bodies with elaborate patterns. instrument, is used to play basic
rhythms in Aboriginal music.
DREAMTIME
Aboriginal Australians believe that they have animal, plant, and human
ancestors who created the world and everything in it. This process of creation
is called Dreamtime. There are many songs and myths about Dreamtime,
which generations of Aboriginal people have passed down to their children.
URBAN LIFE
The majority of Aboriginal Australians live in cities and towns. Some
LAND CLAIMS
have benefited from government education and aid programs and
When British settlers arrived in
have careers as teachers, doctors, and lawyers. Many, though, are poor
Australia, they seized sacred sites
and isolated from white society. They have lost touch with traditional
and other land that belonged to
Aboriginal tribal ways, and because they do not fit neatly into white
Aboriginal people. With the help
Australian society, they cannot always share its benefits. However,
of Aboriginal lawyers, Aboriginal
there are now campaigns among urban Aboriginal people to
Australians campaigned to get
revive interest in the tribal culture of their ancestors.
the land back. In 1976 the
Australian government agreed
that Aboriginal people have
rights to their tribal territories,
The curved returning BOOMERANGS and some land was returned.
boomerang is used
only for sport.
Find out more
As well Australia
as the curved Australia, history of
returning boomerang, Aboriginal Dance
Australians use a straight, non-returning Musical instruments
boomerang as a weapon for fighting and Myths and legends
for hunting mammals such as kangaroos.
9