Children of austerity : impact of the Great Recession on child poverty in rich countries

363 Pages·2017·1.774 MB·English

by  Cantillon, Bea, Chzhen, Yekaterina, Handa, Sudhanshu, Nolan, Brian

CHILDREN OF AUSTERITY

Children of Austerity
Impact of the Great Recession on Child
Poverty in Rich Countries
Edited by
BEA CANTILLON, YEKATERINA CHZHEN,
SUDHANSHU HANDA, AND BRIAN NOLAN
Published by The United Nations Children’s Fund
and Oxford University Press
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Contents
ListofFigures vii
ListofTables xiii
ListofContributors xv
1. Introduction:ScopeandMethods 1
YekaterinaChzhen,SudhanshuHanda,BeaCantillon,
andBrianNolan
2. ImpactoftheEconomicCrisisonChildreninRichCountries 8
YekaterinaChzhen,BrianNolan,BeaCantillon,and
SudhanshuHanda
3. Belgium:CreepingVulnerabilityofChildren 30
JulieVinck,WimVanLancker,andBeaCantillon
4. ChildPovertyduringtheRecessioninGermany 56
ThomasBahleandPeterKrause
5. TheImpactoftheGreatRecessiononChildPovertyinGreece 94
ManosMatsaganis
6. Recession,Recovery,andRegimeChange:EffectsonChild
PovertyinHungary 118
AndrásGábosandIstvánGyörgyTóth
7. ChildrenoftheCelticTigerduringtheEconomicCrisis:Ireland 146
BrianNolanandBertrandMaître
8. TheImpactoftheGreatRecessiononChildPoverty:
TheCaseofItaly 170
LuisaNataliandChiaraSaraceno
9. TheRecessionandthePolicyResponseforChildPoverty
inJapan 191
AyaK.Abe
10. GrowingupinPoverty:ChildrenandtheGreatRecession
inSpain 219
SaraAyllón
11. Sweden:ChildPovertyduringTwoRecessions 242
JanO.JonssonandCarinaMood
vi Contents
12. ImpactoftheRecessiononChildrenintheUnitedKingdom 275
JonathanBradshaw,YekaterinaChzhen,andGillMain
13. USAChildPoverty:TheImpactoftheGreatRecession 297
ChristopherWimerandTimothyM.Smeeding
14. LearningtheLessons:EnhancingCapacitytoProtectChildren 320
BrianNolan,BeaCantillon,SudhanshuHanda,
andYekaterinaChzhen
Index 335
List of Figures
2.1. Annualeconomicgrowth(realGDPpercapita,annual%) 10
2.2. RealGDPpercapitagrowth(%)peaktotrough(2007–2014) 11
2.3. RealGDPpercapita(2007=100) 12
2.4. Unemploymentrates(2007–2014) 14
2.5. Childpovertyrates(2008–2014)in31Europeancountries 17
2.6. In-workpovertyratesamonghouseholdswithchildren(2008–2014)
in31Europeancountries 18
2.7. Proportionofchildrenlivinginlowworkintensityhouseholds
(2008–2014)in31Europeancountries 19
2.8. Proportionofchildrenlivinginmateriallydeprivedhouseholds
(2008–2014)in31Europeancountries 21
2.9. Shareofchildrenwhocannotinvitefriendsroundtoplayfromtime
totime(2009and2014)in27Europeancountries 22
2.10. SocialprotectionbenefitsspendingasashareofGDP(2005–2013)
in41countries 24
2.11. Changesinspendingonfamilyrelatedbenefitsasashareoftotal
socialprotectionspending(2005–2013)in32countries 25
2.12. Percentchangesinrealpercapitaspendingonoldageandfamily
benefits(2008–2013)in32countries 26
2.13. Changesineffectivenessofsocialtransferstoreducechildandelderly
poverty(2008–2014)in31countries 27
3.1. QuarterlyGDPgrowthrate(leftaxis)andGDPrelativeto2010level
(rightaxis),Belgium(2000–2015) 32
3.2. Quarterlyunemploymentrate,Belgiumandneighbouring
countries(2005–2015) 33
3.3. Percentagepointchangeinemploymentratesbyageandeducation,
Belgiumandneighbouringcountries(2008–2010) 34
3.4. RelativepovertyriskinBelgium,before,during,andafterthecrisis
(incomeyears2005–2013) 35
3.5. AnchoredpovertyriskinBelgium,before,during,andafterthecrisis
(incomeyears2005–2013) 35
3.6. SeverematerialdeprivationinBelgium,before,during,andafterthe
crisis(surveyyears2006–2014) 36
3.7. Childpovertyriskbyhouseholdworkintensity,Belgiumand
neighbouringcountries(incomeyear2013) 39
viii ListofFigures
3.8. Shareofchildrenandshareofpoorchildrenbyfamilycharacteristics:
singleparents,non-EUhousehold,andhighesteducationallevelofthe
parents,Belgium(2014) 42
3.9. Childrenlivinginsingle-parenthouseholds(leftpanel)andnon-EU
households(rightpanel):shareandpovertyrisksoverhouseholdwork
intensity,Belgium(incomeyear2013) 44
3.10. Childrenlivinginhouseholdswithlow,medium,orhigh-skilledparents:
shareandpovertyriskoverworkintensity,Belgium(2013) 44
3.11. Socialspendingonactive-agepersons(under65)asapercentageofGDP,
functionaldistribution,Belgium(1985–2011) 45
3.12. Absolutechildpovertyreductionbytransfers(excludingpensions),
VLWIhouseholds,Belgium(incomeyear2009),percent 50
4.1. ChangesinGDP,Germany(1991–2015) 58
4.2. Unemploymentrates,Germany(1993–2014) 59
4.3. GDP,governmentdebt,andsocialexpenditure,Germany(1995–2014) 60
4.4. Impactofshort-termworkprogramme,Germany(2005–2013) 62
4.5. Povertyrates,Germany(1994–2013) 63
4.6. (a–d).TrendsinincomedistributioninGermanybefore,during,
andaftertheGreatRecession 64
4.7. Trendsinmediandisposableincomeandpovertyrates,Germany
(2001–2013) 66
4.8. Povertygaps,Germany(2001–2013) 67
6.1. GDPgrowthandunemploymentlevelsbygender,Hungary(2000–2014) 120
6.2. DevelopmentofnetandgrossrealincomesinHungary(2000–2014,
quarterly,asapercentofthepreviousyear) 121
6.3. EmploymentratesbygenderandeducationinHungary(1993–2013)
(percentofpopulationaged15–64) 122
6.4. At-risk-of-povertyrateamongchildreninHungaryandintheEU
(2005–2014),percent 130
6.5. At-risk-of-povertyrateanchoredin2008amongchildreninHungary
andinthenewEUMemberStates(2008–2014),percent 132
6.6. SeverematerialdeprivationrateamongchildreninHungaryandin
theEU(2005–2014),percent 132
6.7. Shareofchildren(leftaxis)andat-risk-of-povertyrate(rightaxis)
amongchildrenbyhouseholdwork-intensitylevelinHungary
(2005–2014),percent 136
6.8. Povertyreductionindexofsocialtransfers(excludingpensions)
amongchildren,Hungary,EU-27,andNMS-12(2005–2014),percent 139
6.9. ChangeinincidenceoffamilyallowancesovertimeinHungary
(1992–2014)(shareoftotalfamilyallowancesreceivedbythevarious
quintiles,basedonpersonequivalenthouseholdincomes),percent 140
ListofFigures ix
6.10. ChangeinincidenceofmaternitybenefitsovertimeinHungary
(1992–2014)(shareoftotalfamilyallowancesreceivedbythevarious
quintilesbasedonpersonequivalenthouseholdincomes),percent 141
7.1. Percentageofpersonsbelow60percentofmediandisposable
income,byage,Ireland(2007–2014) 150
7.2. Percentageofpersonsbelow‘anchored’threshold(60percentof2008
mediandisposableincome,adjustedforchangesinconsumerprices),by
age,Ireland(2008–2013) 150
7.3. Percentageofpersonsreportingmaterialdeprivation,byage,Ireland
(2007–2014) 158
7.4. Impactofdirecttaxincreasesandsocialwelfarereductionsonhousehold
disposableincome,byquintile,Ireland(2008–2012),percent 163
8.1. Trendsinchild(0–17)povertybydifferentmeasures2008–2013/2014 175
8.2. Trendsinchild(0–17)absolutepovertybygroup(2008–2013) 179
9.1. GDPgrowth,Japan(1980–2016),percent 193
9.2. Numberofworkersbytypeofemployment(Seiki/Hiseiki)
(1985–2014)(100,000persons) 194
9.3. Unemploymentrate,Japan,byage(2006–2015),percent 196
9.4. Averageincomeofhouseholdswithchildren(nominal,in
10,000yen),Japan(2004–2013) 196
9.5. Percentageofchildrenbelow60percentofmediandisposableincome,
Japan(2006–2012):relativeandanchoredratesat2007povertylines 198
9.6. Anchoredchildpovertyrates,byfamilytype,Japan(2006–2012) 199
9.7. Percentageofchildrenlivinginlow-work-intensityhouseholds,by
householdtype,Japan(2007–2013) 206
9.8. Childpovertyratebyworkintensity:two-andone-parenthouseholds,
Japan(2006–2012) 207
9.9. PercentageofchildrenLivinginHiseikihouseholds,byhousehold
type,Japan(2007-2013) 208
9.10. Childpovertyrate,byhouseholdworkstatus,fortwo-andone-parent
households,Japan(2006–2012) 209
9.11. Family-relatedexpenditure,totalamountandasapercentage
oftotalsocialexpenditure,Japan(2007–2013) 213
9.A1. Childpovertyrate(50percentofmedian)beforeandafter
redistribution:1985,1994,2003,2006,2009,2012 217
10.1. Percentagerateofinter-annualvariationinrealgrossdomestic
product(quarterlydata),Spain(1996–2015) 220
10.2. (a)Unemploymentrate(quarterlydata)and(b)long-term
unemploymentrate,Spain(2002–2015),percent 221
10.3. Relativeandanchoredpovertyratetrends,byagegroupinSpain
(2008–2014),percent 224