Children, Obesity and Exercise Throughout the developed world there is an increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. Because of this increase, and awareness of the risks to long-term health that childhood obesity presents, the phenomenon is now described by many as a global epidemic. Children, Obesity and Exercise provides sport, exercise and medicine students and professionals with an accessible and practical guide to understanding and managing childhood and adolescent obesity. It covers: • overweight, obesity and body composition; • physical activity, growth and development; • psycho-social aspects of childhood obesity; • physical activity behaviours; • eating behaviours; • measuring children’s behaviour; • interventions for prevention and management of childhood obesity. Children, Obesity and Exercise addresses the need for authoritative advice and innovative approaches to the prevention and management of this chronic prob- lem. Andrew P. Hills is a Professor in the Institute of Health and Biomedical Informa- tion at Queensland University of Technology, Australia. Neil A. King is in the Institute of Health and Biomedical Information at Queens- land University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Nuala M. Byrne is in the Institute of Health and Biomedical Information at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. International studies in physical education and youth sport Series Editor: Richard Bailey Roehampton University, London, UK Routledge’s International Studies in Physical Education and Youth Sport series aims to stimulate discussion on the theory and practice of school physical education, youth sport, childhood physical activity and well-being. By drawing on interna- tional perspectives, in terms of both the background of the contributors and the selection of the subject matter, the series seeks to make a distinctive contribu- tion to our understanding of issues that continue to attract attention from policy- makers, academics and practitioners. International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE) The International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE) is an international umbrella organization with a diverse and well-recognized institutional membership worldwide. ICSSPE has formal associate relations with UNESCO, is a recognized organization of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and cooperates with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies. ICSSPE promotes and disseminates a wide range of scien- tific information and facilitates communication between organizations active in the fields of sport, sport science and physical education. ICSSPE’s comprehensive website is updated on a regular basis to share knowledge, report events and an- nounce newly published resources. It is just one of the tools ICSSPE uses to build stronger international cooperation and bridge the gap between developed and de- veloping countries. Since overweight and obesity has become such a critical and multi-faceted issue for all nations it is ICSSPE’s aim that all persons, institutes and organizations involved in sport and sport science keep up to date with latest research, strate- gies and interventions and understand their role in prevention, identification and management of the conditions. ICSSPE/CIEPSS Executive Office Tel: +49 30 36 41 88 50 Hanns-Braun-Strasse Fax: +49 30 805 63 86 Friesenhaus II Email: [email protected] 14053 Berlin Internet: www.icsspe.org Germany Children, Obesity and Exercise Prevention, treatment and management of childhood and adolescent obesity Edited by Andrew P. Hills, Neil A. King and Nuala M. Byrne First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library,2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2007 Selection and editorial material, Andrew P. Hills, Neil A. King and Nuala M. Byrne, individual contributions, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hills, Andrew P. Children, obesity & exercise: a practical approach to prevention, treatment, and management of childhood and adolescent obesity/ Andrew P. Hills, Neil A. King & Nuala M. Byrne. p.; cm. ISBN13: 978–0–415–40883–7 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–40883–0 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–40884–4 (pbk.) ISBN10: 0–415–40884–9 (pbk.) 1. Obesity in children. 2. Obesity in adolescence. 3. Obesity in children – Exercise therapy. 4. Obesity in adolescence – Exercise therapy. I. King, Neil A. II. Byrne, Nuala M. III. Title. IV. Title: Children, obesity, and exercise. [DNLM: 1. Obesity. 2. Adolescent. 3. Child. 4. Exercise. WD 210 H655e 2007] RJ399.C6H55 2007 618.92´398–dc22 2007001042 ISBN 0-203-94597-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–40883–0 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–40884–9 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–94597–2 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–40883–7 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–40884–4 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–94597–1 (ebk) Contents List of figures ix List of tables x List of boxes xi List of contributors xii 1 Childhood obesity – an introduction 1 J. YEUNGAND A.P. HILLS Introduction 1 Aetiologyofobesity 2 The impact of the environment in the promotion of childhood obesity 3 Behavioural determinants of obesity and the effect of the environment 4 Necessary modifications to the environment to afford a shift in activity levels 5 Role of different settings 6 2 Tracking of overweight and obesity from childhood into adulthood:health consequences and implications for further research 11 M.J.M. CHIN A PAW, A.S. SINGH, J.W.R. TWISKAND W. VAN MECHELEN Introduction 11 Defining overweight and obesity 11 Tracking of overweight and obesity from childhood into adulthood 12 Childhood obesity and long-term health consequences 20 Discussion 20 Conclusion 21 vi Contents 3 Clinical correlates of overweight and obesity 25 E. DENNEY-WILSONAND L.A. BAUR Introduction 25 The prevalence of complications 25 The importance of abdominal fat 26 Complications occurring during childhood and adolescence 26 Adult complications arising from child and adolescent obesity 30 Conclusion 32 4 Body composition assessment in children and adolescents – implications for obesity 37 A.P. HILLSAND M. KAGAWA Introduction 37 Changes in body composition 37 Assessment of body composition 38 Anthropometry 39 Conclusions 46 5 The importance of physical activity in the growth and development of children 50 N.M. BYRNEAND A.P. HILLS Introduction 50 Physical activity and obesity prevention in youngsters 50 Physical activity during the growing years 52 Regular physical activity and normal motor development 54 Physical activity and public health challenges 55 Physical activity recommendations for children: what is the evidence? 56 Summary 57 6 The role of perceived competence in the motivation of obese children to be physically active 61 L.M. LYELL, S.C. WEARINGAND A.P. HILLS Introduction 61 Background 61 Definitions and models 63 Perceived competence and physical activity in the obese child 66 Recommendations for design and delivery of physical activity interventions 67 Conclusions 74 Contents vii 7 Psychosocial aspects of childhood obesity 80 S.M. BYRNEAND M. LA PUMA Introduction 80 Socioeconomic status 80 What might explain the relationship between SES and obesity in developed countries? 81 Societal attitudes toward obesity and discrimination 81 What about overweight children’s views? 82 The influence of parents, families and peers on the development and consequences of obesity 83 Psychological factors 85 Conclusions 89 8 Physical activity, appetite control and energy balance: implications for obesity 92 N.A. KING Introduction 92 Physical activity and energy balance regulation 92 Physical activity and obesity 93 Physical activity and appetite control 95 The role of physical activity in weight control 96 Conclusion 97 9 Eating behaviour in children and the measurement of food intake 103 J. BRESSAN, A.P. HILLSAND H.H.M. HERMSDORFF Introduction 103 Eating behaviour in children 103 Methods of dietary assessment 104 Assessment of energy intake 105 Measurement in children 107 Improvement of methods 109 Conclusions 110 10 Physical activity behaviour in children and the measurement of physical activity 113 L.M. TOMSON, T.F. CUDDIHY, M. DAVIDSONAND R.P. PANGRAZI Introduction 113 Children’s physical activity levels in Australia 116 Physical activity and girls 117 viii Contents Schools as settings for promotion of physical activity 118 Physical activity out of school hours 119 Active transport to and from school 119 Monitoring and measuring physical activity levels 120 11 Environmental factors and physical activity in children: implications for active transport programmes 130 J. YEUNG, S.C. WEARINGAND A.P. HILLS Introduction 130 Modifications to the environment necessary to afford a shift in activity levels 131 The ANGELO framework – a means of understanding the obesogenic environment 131 Obesogenic elements in microenvironmental settings 133 Macroenvironments 135 Active commuting to school – a sound investment? 136 Conclusion 138 12 Interventions for the prevention and management of childhood obesity 142 B. DEFORCHE, I. DE BOURDEAUDHUIJAND A.P. HILLS Introduction 142 Interventions within the family 143 School-based interventions 145 Interventions within the community 146 Treatment of childhood obesity 146 Negative consequences of dietary interventions 150 Programmed exercise 151 Lifestyle activities 153 Decreasing sedentary activities 153 Family involvement 154 Behavioural modifications 154 Types of programme 158 Maintenance of weight loss 159 Index 164 Figures 4.1 Body mass index-for-age chart (boys) 40 4.2 Body mass index-for-age chart (girls) 41 6.1 A schematic diagram outlining the potential barriers associated with physical activity in obese individuals 62 6.2 Illustration of the Competence Motivation Theory 64 10.1 Step comparisons of most active and least active boys from age 6 to 15 years 117
Description: