Children, Obesity and Exercise: Prevention, Treatment and Management of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity

186 Pages·2007·5.36 MB·English

by  Andrew P. Hills

Children, Obesity and Exercise
Throughout the developed world there is an increasing prevalence of childhood
obesity. Because of this increase, and awareness of the risks to long-term health
that childhood obesity presents, the phenomenon is now described by many as a
global epidemic.
Children, Obesity and Exercise provides sport, exercise and medicine students
and professionals with an accessible and practical guide to understanding and
managing childhood and adolescent obesity. It covers:
• overweight, obesity and body composition;
• physical activity, growth and development;
• psycho-social aspects of childhood obesity;
• physical activity behaviours;
• eating behaviours;
• measuring children’s behaviour;
• interventions for prevention and management of childhood obesity.
Children, Obesity and Exercise addresses the need for authoritative advice and
innovative approaches to the prevention and management of this chronic prob-
lem.
Andrew P. Hills is a Professor in the Institute of Health and Biomedical Informa-
tion at Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
Neil A. King is in the Institute of Health and Biomedical Information at Queens-
land University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
Nuala M. Byrne is in the Institute of Health and Biomedical Information at
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
International studies in physical education and youth sport
Series Editor: Richard Bailey
Roehampton University, London, UK
Routledge’s International Studies in Physical Education and Youth Sport series aims
to stimulate discussion on the theory and practice of school physical education,
youth sport, childhood physical activity and well-being. By drawing on interna-
tional perspectives, in terms of both the background of the contributors and the
selection of the subject matter, the series seeks to make a distinctive contribu-
tion to our understanding of issues that continue to attract attention from policy-
makers, academics and practitioners.
International Council of Sport Science and Physical
Education (ICSSPE)
The International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE)
is an international umbrella organization with a diverse and well-recognized
institutional membership worldwide. ICSSPE has formal associate relations with
UNESCO, is a recognized organization of the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) and cooperates with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other
international bodies. ICSSPE promotes and disseminates a wide range of scien-
tific information and facilitates communication between organizations active in
the fields of sport, sport science and physical education. ICSSPE’s comprehensive
website is updated on a regular basis to share knowledge, report events and an-
nounce newly published resources. It is just one of the tools ICSSPE uses to build
stronger international cooperation and bridge the gap between developed and de-
veloping countries.
Since overweight and obesity has become such a critical and multi-faceted
issue for all nations it is ICSSPE’s aim that all persons, institutes and organizations
involved in sport and sport science keep up to date with latest research, strate-
gies and interventions and understand their role in prevention, identification and
management of the conditions.
ICSSPE/CIEPSS Executive Office Tel: [phone]
Hanns-Braun-Strasse Fax: [phone]
Friesenhaus II Email: [email protected]
14053 Berlin Internet: www.icsspe.org
Germany
Children, Obesity and Exercise
Prevention, treatment and
management of childhood and
adolescent obesity
Edited by Andrew P. Hills,
Neil A. King and
Nuala M. Byrne
First published 2007
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library,2007.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 2007 Selection and editorial material, Andrew P. Hills, Neil A. King and
Nuala M. Byrne, individual contributions, the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now
knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hills, Andrew P.
Children, obesity & exercise: a practical approach to prevention,
treatment, and management of childhood and adolescent obesity/
Andrew P. Hills, Neil A. King & Nuala M. Byrne.
p.; cm.
ISBN13: 978–0–415–40883–7 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0–415–40883–0 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–40884–4 (pbk.)
ISBN10: 0–415–40884–9 (pbk.)
1. Obesity in children. 2. Obesity in adolescence. 3. Obesity in children
– Exercise therapy. 4. Obesity in adolescence – Exercise therapy. I. King,
Neil A. II. Byrne, Nuala M. III. Title. IV. Title: Children, obesity, and
exercise.
[DNLM: 1. Obesity. 2. Adolescent. 3. Child. 4. Exercise. WD 210
H655e 2007]
RJ399.C6H55 2007
618.92´398–dc22
2007001042
ISBN 0-203-94597-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10: 0–415–40883–0 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0–415–40884–9 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0–203–94597–2 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–40883–7 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–40884–4 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–94597–1 (ebk)
Contents
List of figures ix
List of tables x
List of boxes xi
List of contributors xii
1 Childhood obesity – an introduction 1
J. YEUNGAND A.P. HILLS
Introduction 1
Aetiologyofobesity 2
The impact of the environment in the promotion of childhood
obesity 3
Behavioural determinants of obesity and the effect of the
environment 4
Necessary modifications to the environment to afford a shift in
activity levels 5
Role of different settings 6
2 Tracking of overweight and obesity from childhood into
adulthood:health consequences and implications for
further research 11
M.J.M. CHIN A PAW, A.S. SINGH, J.W.R. TWISKAND W. VAN MECHELEN
Introduction 11
Defining overweight and obesity 11
Tracking of overweight and obesity from childhood into
adulthood 12
Childhood obesity and long-term health consequences 20
Discussion 20
Conclusion 21
vi Contents
3 Clinical correlates of overweight and obesity 25
E. DENNEY-WILSONAND L.A. BAUR
Introduction 25
The prevalence of complications 25
The importance of abdominal fat 26
Complications occurring during childhood and adolescence 26
Adult complications arising from child and adolescent obesity 30
Conclusion 32
4 Body composition assessment in children and
adolescents – implications for obesity 37
A.P. HILLSAND M. KAGAWA
Introduction 37
Changes in body composition 37
Assessment of body composition 38
Anthropometry 39
Conclusions 46
5 The importance of physical activity in the growth and
development of children 50
N.M. BYRNEAND A.P. HILLS
Introduction 50
Physical activity and obesity prevention in youngsters 50
Physical activity during the growing years 52
Regular physical activity and normal motor development 54
Physical activity and public health challenges 55
Physical activity recommendations for children: what is the
evidence? 56
Summary 57
6 The role of perceived competence in the motivation of
obese children to be physically active 61
L.M. LYELL, S.C. WEARINGAND A.P. HILLS
Introduction 61
Background 61
Definitions and models 63
Perceived competence and physical activity in the obese child 66
Recommendations for design and delivery of physical activity
interventions 67
Conclusions 74
Contents vii
7 Psychosocial aspects of childhood obesity 80
S.M. BYRNEAND M. LA PUMA
Introduction 80
Socioeconomic status 80
What might explain the relationship between SES and obesity in
developed countries? 81
Societal attitudes toward obesity and discrimination 81
What about overweight children’s views? 82
The influence of parents, families and peers on the development and
consequences of obesity 83
Psychological factors 85
Conclusions 89
8 Physical activity, appetite control and energy balance:
implications for obesity 92
N.A. KING
Introduction 92
Physical activity and energy balance regulation 92
Physical activity and obesity 93
Physical activity and appetite control 95
The role of physical activity in weight control 96
Conclusion 97
9 Eating behaviour in children and the measurement of
food intake 103
J. BRESSAN, A.P. HILLSAND H.H.M. HERMSDORFF
Introduction 103
Eating behaviour in children 103
Methods of dietary assessment 104
Assessment of energy intake 105
Measurement in children 107
Improvement of methods 109
Conclusions 110
10 Physical activity behaviour in children and the
measurement of physical activity 113
L.M. TOMSON, T.F. CUDDIHY, M. DAVIDSONAND R.P. PANGRAZI
Introduction 113
Children’s physical activity levels in Australia 116
Physical activity and girls 117
viii Contents
Schools as settings for promotion of physical activity 118
Physical activity out of school hours 119
Active transport to and from school 119
Monitoring and measuring physical activity levels 120
11 Environmental factors and physical activity in children:
implications for active transport programmes 130
J. YEUNG, S.C. WEARINGAND A.P. HILLS
Introduction 130
Modifications to the environment necessary to afford a shift in activity
levels 131
The ANGELO framework – a means of understanding the obesogenic
environment 131
Obesogenic elements in microenvironmental settings 133
Macroenvironments 135
Active commuting to school – a sound investment? 136
Conclusion 138
12 Interventions for the prevention and management of
childhood obesity 142
B. DEFORCHE, I. DE BOURDEAUDHUIJAND A.P. HILLS
Introduction 142
Interventions within the family 143
School-based interventions 145
Interventions within the community 146
Treatment of childhood obesity 146
Negative consequences of dietary interventions 150
Programmed exercise 151
Lifestyle activities 153
Decreasing sedentary activities 153
Family involvement 154
Behavioural modifications 154
Types of programme 158
Maintenance of weight loss 159
Index 164
Figures
4.1 Body mass index-for-age chart (boys) 40
4.2 Body mass index-for-age chart (girls) 41
6.1 A schematic diagram outlining the potential barriers
associated with physical activity in obese individuals 62
6.2 Illustration of the Competence Motivation Theory 64
10.1 Step comparisons of most active and least active boys from
age 6 to 15 years 117