Children and the Environment PDF
Preview Children and the Environment
Children and the Environment Hum.an Behavior and Environm.ent ADVANCES IN THEORY AND RESEARCH Volume 3: Children and the Environment Children and the Environment EDITED BY IRWIN ALTMAN University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah AND JOACHIM F. WOHLWILL The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Children and the environment. (Human behavior and environment; v. 3) Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Child psychology - Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Environmental psychology - Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Altman, Irwin. II. Wohlwill, Joachim F. BF353.H85 vol. 3 301.31s [155.4'181 78-13511 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3407-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3405-7 DOT: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3405-7 © 1978 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1978 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfIlming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Articles Planned for Volume 4 CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Editors: Irwin Altman, Joachim F. Wohlwill, and Amos Rapoport Personal Space, Crowding and Spatial Behavior in a Cultural Context JOHN R. AIELLO Human Ecology as Human Behavior: A Normative Anthropology of Resource Use and Abuse JOHN W. BENNETT Cultural Ecology and Individual Behavior JOHN W. BERRY Cross-Cultural Research Methods: Strategies, Problems, Applications RICHARD W. BRISLIN Territory in Urban Settings SIDNEY BROWER Cross-Cultural Aspects of Environmental Design AMOS RAPOPORT Cultural Change and Urban Form MILES RICHARDSON Culture, Ecology, and Development IGNACY SACHS Cross-Cultural Differences in Human Response to Natural Hazards GILBERT WHITE AND JOHN SORENSON v Cont ribu tors JOHN C. BAIRD . Department of Psychology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire PAUL v. GUMP . Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas ROBERT V. KAIL, JR. . Psychology Department, University of Pitts burgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania KATHLEEN C. KIRASIC . Psychology Department, University of Pitts burgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ROBIN MOORE The People Environment Group, San Francisco, Cal- ifornia JILL N. NAGY . Department of Psychology, Loyola University, Chi cago, Illinois Ross D. PARKE . Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois ALEXANDER W. SIEGEL . Psychology Department, University of Pitts burgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania YI-Fu TUAN . Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota MAXINE WOLFE . Environmental Psychology Program, City Univer sity of New York Graduate School, New York, New York DONALD YOUNG . Berkeley, California vii Preface In the first two volumes of the series we elected to cover a broad spectrum of topics in the environment and behavior field, ranging from theoretical to applied, and including disciplinary, interdiscipli nary, and professionally related topics. Chapters in these earlier vol umes dealt with leisure and recreation, the elderly, personal space, aesthetics, energy, behavioral approaches to environmental problems, methodological issues, social indicators, industrial settings, and the like. Chapters were written by psychologists, sociologists, geogra phers, and other social scientists, and by authors from professional design fields such as urban planning, operations research, landscape architecture, and so on. Our goal in these first two volumes was to present a sampling of areas in the emerging environment and behavior field and to give readers some insight into the diversity of research and theoretical perspectives that characterize the field. Beginning with the present volume, our efforts will be directed at a series of thematic volumes. The present collection of chapters is focused on children and the environment, and, as much as possible, we invited contributions that reflect a variety of theoretical and em pirical perspectives on this topic. The next volume in the series, now in preparation, will address the area of "culture and the environment." Suggestions for possible future topics are welcome. Irwin Altman Joachim F. Wohlwill ix Contents Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 CHILDREN AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT YI-FU TUAN Introduction 5 Children: A Historical Note 5 Natural Environment 6 Man-Environment Relationships 7 Cognition and Behavior 8 Childhood and Nature . 9 The Wild Child 9 Inner-City Children and Nature 11 Natural Environment and Learning 12 Typewriter and Learning: A Contrast 13 Expanding World. 14 Animism, Artificialism, and Scale 16 Play and Playthings 18 Water, Sand, Clay, and Mud 18 Climbing Trees . 19 Sliding 20 Nooks and Play Houses 21 Children, Animals, and Plants 21 Identity 22 Livelihood and Hunting 22 Mimicry 23 xi xii Contents Mfective Ties 24 Plants . 24 Learning about the Natural Environment 25 American Children and the Natural Environment 26 Summary and Conclusion 29 References . 30 CHAPTER 2 CHILDREN'S HOME ENVIRONMENTS: SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE EFFECTS ROSS D. PARKE Introduction 33 Home as a Source of Stimulation 35 Social Stimulation in Home Environments 35 Physical Stimulation in Home Environments 45 Social Organization of Home Environments . 65 Privacy Regulation in Children's Home Environments 65 Crowding in Children's Home Environments. 70 Type of Housing as a Determinant of Social Interaction 72 Directions for Future Research 73 References . 74 CHAPTER 3 CHILDHOOD OUTDOORS: TOWARD A SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF THE LANDSCAPE ROBIN MOORE DONALD YOUNG Introduction 83 Sources 85 Methods 86 Comparative Significance of Indoors and Outdoors 88 Contents xiii Outdoor Behavior-Environment Concepts 90 Measures of Territorial Range. 91 Range Evolution . 92 Controlling Factors on Range Development 95 Place 106 Significant Place Elements . 106 Place Elements in the Habitual Range 111 Environmentally Dependent and Independent Activity 115 The Co-Action of Range, Place, and Pathway 119 Conclusions and Future Directions 122 Range Analysis . 124 Place Analysis 125 Pathway Analysis 127 References . 127 CHAPTER 4 SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS PAUL V. GUMP Introduction 131 The Objective or Milieu-with-Program Environment 134 The Objective Individual Environment 134 The Subjective Environment . 135 Environments in Early Childhood . 137 General Environments for Preschoolers 138 Issues of Size and Density. 140 Intraschool Settings as Environments for Preschoolers 142 Experimental and Applied Foci in Preschool Environments 148 Environments in Elementary Schools . 151 Qualitative Pictures . 151 Children in Global School Environments 152 Children and Intraschool Settings . 155 Open School Environments . 160 High School and University Environments 162 The "Questionnaire Environments" 164 Directions for Research 167 References . 169
The list of books you might like
