Childhood Asthma and Other Wheezing Disorders, Second Edition (Hodder Arnold Publication) PDF
Preview Childhood Asthma and Other Wheezing Disorders, Second Edition (Hodder Arnold Publication)
Childhood asthma and other wheezing disorders This page intentionally left blank Childhood asthma and other wheezing disorders Second edition Edited by Michael Silverman Professor and Head Department of Child Health and Institute for Lung Health University of Leicester Leicester, UK A member of the Hodder Headline Group LONDON First published in Great Britain in 2002 by Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH http://www.arnoldpublishers.com Co-published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press © 2002 Arnold All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T4LP. Whilst the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In particular (but without limiting the generality of the preceding disclaimer) every effort has been made to check drug dosages; however it is still possible that errors have been missed. Furthermore, dosage schedules are constantly being revised and new side-effects recognized. For these reasons the reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies' printed instructions before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publkation Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0340 76318 3 (hb) 1 2345678910 Commissioning Editor: Joanna Koster Production Editor: James Rabson Production Controller: Bryan Eccleshall Cover Designer: Terry Griffiths Typeset in 10/12 Minion by Charon Tec Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Bath Press What do you think about this book? Or any other Arnold title? Please send your comments to [email protected] Contents Colour plates appear between pages 212 and 213 List of contributors vii Foreword ix Preface x Abbreviations xi 1 Introduction 1 Michael Silverman 2 Epidemiology and public health 9 Michael Kabesch and Erika von Mutius 3 The natural history of asthma during childhood 29 Fernando D Martinez 4a Structural development 37 Alison A Hislop and Hitesh C Pandya 4b Developmental physiology 57 Karen EWillet and Peter D Sly 4c Postnatal maturation of immune and inflammatory functions 69 Patrick G Holt 4d Genetics 85 Peter N le Souef 5 Remodelling and inflammation 93 William R Roche and Peter K Jeffery 6a The clinical features and their assessment 106 Sheila McKenzie 6b Lung function 125 Peter D Sly and Felicity S Flack 6c Bronchial responsiveness 144 Nicola Wilson and Michael Silverman 6d Inflammation 173 Jonathan Grigg 6e Impact of asthma on child and family 183 Liesl M Osman 7a Allergy 195 Jill A Warner and John 0 Warner 7b Viral infection 205 Ian Balfour-Lynn and Peter Openshaw vi Contents 7c Gastroesophageal reflux 222 Isi Dab and Anne Malfroot 7d Food intolerance 229 Nicola Wilson 7e Passive smoking 239 Jonathan M Couriel 8a Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 247 S0ren Pedersen and Hans Bisgaard 8b Aerosols and other devices 290 S0ren Pedersen and Chris O'Callaghan 9 Wheezing disorders in infants and young children 307 Michael Silverman 10 The management of asthma in school-children 333 John F Price 11 Asthma in young people 351 Susan M Sawyer 12 The management of acute severe asthma 359 Warren Lenney and John Alexander 13a Unusual syndromes and asthma complicating other disorders 376 Robert Dinwiddie 13b Prematurity and asthma 383 Anne Milner and Anthony Milner 13c Psychological factors 392 Per A Gustafson and Bryan Lask 14 Preventing asthma 401 John 0 Warner and Jill A Warner 15 Growth and puberty in asthma 414 George Russell and Mustafa Osman 16 Asthma in primary care 431 Trisha Weller and Kevin Jones 17a Sub-Saharan Africa 440 Ezekiel M Wafula 17b Indian subcontinent 443 S Noel Narayanan 17c Latin America 445 Alejandro M Teper and Carlos D Kofman 17d Japan 448 Yoji likura 17e Hong Kong 451 KN Chan 17f The Caribbean 453 Jennifer M Knight-Madden 18 Education of children, parents, health professionals and others 455 James Y Paton Appendix: Reference data 469 Isobel M Brookes Index 479 List of contributors John Alexander Yoji Ikura Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, North Staffordshire Department of Paediatrics, Showa University School of Hospital, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, UK Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan Ian Balfour-Lynn Peter KJeffery Consultant in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Lung Pathology Unit (Department of Gene Therapy), Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK ICSM at Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK Hans Bisgaard Kevin Jones National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Senior Lecturer, Department of Primary Health Care, Denmark School of Health Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK Isobel M Brookes Michael Kabesch Department of Child Health, University of Leicester, Respiratory Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Tucson, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK Arizona, USA KN Chan Jennifer M Knight-Madden Specialist in Paediatrics, St Paul's Hospital, Sickle Cell Unit, University of West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Hong Kong Jamaica Jonathan M Couriel Carlos D Kofman Consultant in Paediatric, The Respiratory Unit, Respiratory Center, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Alder Hey, Liverpool, UK Buenos Aires, Argentina Isi Dab Bryan Lask Kinderpneumologie, Academisch Ziekenhuis, Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital Medical Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium School, London, UK Robert Dinwiddie Warren Lenney Consultant Paediatrician, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Academic Department of Child Health, North Staffordshire Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK Hospital, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, UK Felicity S Flack Anne Malfroot Division of Clinical Sciences, Institute for Child Health Kinderpneumologie, Academisch Ziekenhuis, Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium West Perth, Western Australia Fernando D Martinez Jonathan Grigg Respiratory Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Tucson, Department of Child Health, University of Leicester, Arizona, USA Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK Sheila McKenzie Per A Gustafsson Queen Elizabeth Children's Services, Royal London Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital, London, UK Linkoping University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden Anne Milner Alison A Hislop Professor of Clinical Respiratory Physiology, Department Department of Cardiology, Institute of Child Health, of Child Health, King's College Hospital, London, UK London, UK Anthony D Milner Patrick G Holt Professor of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Head, Division of Cell Biology, Institute for Child Health St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Erica von Mutius Western Australia University Children's Hospital, Munchen, Germany viii List of contributors S Noel Narayanan Michael Silverman Professor and Head, Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Professor and Head, Department of Child Health and Pulmonologist, SAT Hospital Medical College, Trivandrum, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Kerala, India Leicester, UK Christopher L O'Callaghan Peter D Sly Professor of Paediatrics, Department of Child Health Head, Division of Clinical Sciences, and Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Institute for Child Health Research, Leicester, UK Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, West Perth, Peter JM Openshaw Western Australia Professor of Experimental Medicine and Honorary Peter N le Souef Consultant, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial Professor of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, College School of Medicine, London, UK Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia Liesl M Osman Alejandro M Teper Senior Research Fellow, Chest Clinic, Aberdeen Royal Respiratory Center, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK Buenos Aires, Argentina Mustafa Osman Ezekiel M Wafula Department of Child Health, Medical School, Chairman, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Aberdeen, UK University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital, Hitesh C Pandya Nairobi, Kenya Department of Child Health, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK Jill A Warner Senior Lecturer in Allergy & Immunology, James Y Paton Allergy & Inflammation Sciences, Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Respiratory Disease, and School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Consultant Paediatrician, Department of Child Health, Southampton, UK Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK John 0 Warner S0ren Pedersen Professor of Child Health & Director of Allergy & Department of Paediatrics, Kolding Hospital, Kolding, Inflammation Sciences, School of Medicine, Denmark University of Southampton, John F Price Southampton, UK Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital, London, UK Trisha Weller Head of Quality Assurance, William R Roche National Respiratory Training Centre, Department of Pathology, Southampton General Hospital, Warwick, UK Southampton, UK George Russell Karen E Willet Consultant Paediatrician, Department of Medical Division of Clinical Sciences, Institute for Child Health Paediatrics, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Aberdeen, UK Western Australia Susan M Sawyer Nicola M Wilson Deputy Director, Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia London, UK Foreword Wheezing, as a sign and/or symptom, and asthma, as a immense. In order to reduce the morbidity from these clinical diagnosis, are extremely common in childhood illnesses and to avoid over-treatment and inappropriate and are increasing in prevalence. As many as a third of all treatment of wheezing infants and children who do not children may wheeze in the first three years of life and have asthma, or under-treatment of wheezing children nearly 50 per cent may wheeze by the age of six years. who do have asthma, it is incumbent upon physicians Infants and young children wheeze because of smaller and other health care providers involved with the care of airways, increased compliance of airways and the chest children to understand the causes of wheezing in child- wall, decreased lung recoil, increased airway reactivity, hood, the pathophysiologic processes involved, diagnos- more mucous glands and poor cough clearance, as well tic considerations, the clinical significance and prognosis as, perhaps, other anatomic and physiologic factors. for the various causes of wheezing, approaches to treat- Since so many young children wheeze, it is possible that ment, and primary and secondary prevention strategies. it is the non-wheezing infant/child who is 'abnormal' and The second edition of this outstanding textbook pro- deserves study! Why don't these children wheeze? The vides a most comprehensive review of all aspects of these prevalence rates for asthma vary around the world but as disorders in erudite, concise, and clearly written chap- many as 10 to 20 per cent of children receive this diagno- ters. The chapters are very current and provide an insight sis. Clearly, not all children who wheeze are asthmatic. into the new discoveries that surely will come in the next Recent studies have described different wheezing few years and will allow us to understand these disorders syndromes and their predisposing factors, associated better. The new chapters added to this second edition characteristics, prognosis, and therapeutic implications. markedly enhance an already excellent book. These studies have shown that a high percentage (as The authors of the individual chapters are world lead- much as 60 per cent) of wheezing that occurs in the first ers in their respective fields, making this an international three years of life is transient and disappears by the age of book of relevance and importance to anyone, anywhere, three. Recognizing which wheezing infant will continue caring for children. The authors are clinicians with to wheeze and subsequently be diagnosed as asthmatic extensive experience with wheezing children as well as (loosely defined as a genetic disorder related to chronic investigators who have personally studied the subjects airway inflammation usually associated with atopy and about which they are writing. increased airway reactivity) remains difficult at the pres- Congratulations to Professor Silverman and the con- ent time. In the future, the outcomes from genetic and tributing authors for what I consider the reference source immunologic studies may serve as predictive factors for on childhood asthma and other wheezing disorders. those infants and children who are destined to develop asthma. Since the first edition of this book, additional Lynn M Taussig, MD investigations have begun to elucidate mechanisms (e.g., President and CEO hygiene hypothesis) which help to explain the increasing The Carole and Albert Angel Family rates of asthma and atopy worldwide. What all of these Presidential Chair studies have shown is that wheezing illnesses are a com- National Jewish Medical and Research Center plex group of heterogeneic disorders. Professor of Pediatrics The morbidity and, perhaps, mortality from childhood asthma continue to rise. The total impact - medical, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center social, psychological, and economic - of these illnesses is Denver, Colorado, USA
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