Child psychology and psychiatry : frameworks for clinical training and practice PDF
Preview Child psychology and psychiatry : frameworks for clinical training and practice
Child Psychology and Psychiatry Child Psychology and Psychiatry Frameworks for Clinical Training and Practice Edited by David Skuse University College London UK Helen Bruce East London NHS Foundation Trust UK Linda Dowdney UK Third Edition This edition first published 2017 © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Edition History Wiley-Blackwell (2e, 2011) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of David Skuse, Helen Bruce and Linda Dowdney to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Skuse, D. (David), editor. | Bruce, Helen (Consultant psychiatrist), editor. | Dowdney, Linda, editor. Title: Child psychology and psychiatry : frameworks for clinical training and practice / edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce, Linda Dowdney. Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. | Includes index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2016059981 (print) | LCCN 2017016743 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119170228 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119170204 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119170181 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119170198 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Child psychology. | Child psychiatry. Classification: LCC BF721 (ebook) | LCC BF721 .C5157 2017 (print) | DDC 155.4—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016059981 Cover Image: The Children’s Game, c.1955 (oil on hardboard), Everts, Anneliese (1908 –1967) / Private Collection / Bridgeman Images Cover Design: Wiley Set in 10/12, WarnockPro by SPi Global, Chennai, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents Notes on Contributors xxiii Section 1 Developing Competencies 1a: Contextual Influences Upon Social and Emotional Development 1 1 Family and Systemic Influences 3 Barbara Maughan Family Relationships and Parenting 3 Parent and Family Characteristics 5 Sibling Relationships 5 Changing Family Patterns 6 Parental Separation and Divorce 6 Childcare and Schooling 6 Wider Social and Environmental Influences 7 Poverty and Social Disadvantage 7 Neighbourhood and Community Contexts 8 Multiple Stressors 8 References 8 2 Child Development and Cultural Considerations in Clinical Practice 11 Ruma Bose and Sanjida Sattar Introduction 11 Developmental Niche and Eco-Cultural Pathways 11 Childhood and Parenting Across Cultures 12 Infancy 12 Developmental Stages 12 Attachment 12 Parental Involvement in Play and Learning 13 Middle Childhood 13 Adolescence 14 Culture and Disability 14 Ethnicity and Mental Health 14 Conclusion 15 References 15 vi Contents 3 Neurobehavioural Development in Infancy: The Buffering and Transducing Role of the Mother/Caretaker–Infant Dyad 17 Cindy H. Liu and Ed Tronick Introduction 17 Infant Neurobehavioural Capacities 17 Culture 18 Mutual Regulation and Buffer–Transducer Models 20 Conclusion 21 References 22 4 Genetic and Biological Influences 25 David Skuse Introduction 25 How Many Genes Are There? 26 Sources of Genomic Variation 28 Mechanisms of Genomic Regulation 29 Mechanisms Influencing Neurodevelopmental Integrity 30 Measuring Genetic Susceptibility to Psychiatric Disorders 30 Gene–Environment Interactions 30 Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) 31 Epigenetic Variation 32 Future of Psychiatric Genetics: Precision Medicine 32 Conclusions 33 References 34 Section 1b: General Patterns of Development 37 5 Clinical Evaluation of Development from Birth to 5 Years 39 Ajay Sharma, Tony O’Sullivan and Gillian Baird Child Development and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 39 History-Taking 41 Observation and Interactive Assessment 42 Developmental Domains 42 Gross Motor 42 Visual Behaviour, Eye–Hand Coordination and Problem-Solving 43 Early Visual Behaviour 43 Eye–Hand Co-Ordination 43 Object Concepts and Relationships 44 Imitating and Copying Cube Models 44 Drawing 45 Language and Communication 46 Play and Social Behaviour 46 Development of Attention 46 Cognitive Development 46 Clinical Decision-Making and Severity of Developmental Delay 48 Contents vii Physical Examination 49 Planning Medical Investigations and Making Diagnosis 50 Further Reading 51 6 Emotional Development in the First Year of Life 53 Howard Steele Introduction 53 Infant Emotional Expression 53 The Development of Infant Emotional Expressions 54 Crying 54 Smiling or Joy 55 Surprise, Anger and Sadness 55 Fear 55 Infant Detection of the Emotional Expressions of Others 56 The Interactive Context 57 References 57 7 Young People with Learning Disabilities 59 David Dossetor Introduction 59 The Changing Context 59 Human Rights, Equity of Access to Services and Social Inclusion 59 Assessment and Intervention 60 Quality of Life, Developmental and Mental Health Factors 60 Child and Family Factors 63 Educational and Service Influences 63 Types of Intervention 64 The Development of Services 65 Conclusion 66 References 67 Internet Resources 68 8 Language Development 71 Thomas Klee and Stephanie F. Stokes Processes and Components of Language Development 71 Milestones of Speech and Language Development 73 Developmental Phases 73 Atypical Language Development 75 Future Directions 75 References 75 Internet Resources 76 9 Development of Social Cognition 77 Virginia Slaughter Early Social Cognition 77 Social Cognition in Preschool and Beyond 78 viii Contents Individual Differences in Social Cognition – Implications for Children’s Social Lives 79 Individual Differences in Social Cognition – Where Do They Come From? 80 References 81 10 Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood 83 Alan Carr Introduction 83 The Preschool Years 83 Middle Childhood 85 Adolescence 86 Factors Contributing to SED 86 Positive SED 86 Problematic SED 87 Consequences of SED Problems in Middle Childhood 87 Addressing SED Problems 88 References 88 11 Social-Cognitive Development During Adolescence 91 Sarah-Jayne Blakemore Humans Are Exquisitely Social 91 The Social Brain 91 Development of Mentalizing During Adolescence 91 Online Mentalizing Usage is Still Developing in Mid-Adolescence 93 References 95 Section 2 Promoting Well-being 97 12 Attachment in the Early Years: Theory, Research and Clinical Implications 99 Pasco Fearon What is Attachment? 99 Attachment Variations and Their Measurement 100 Causes of Variation in Attachment 100 Attachment Disorders 103 Consequences of Variations in Attachment 103 Interventions 104 Preventive Interventions 104 Interventions with Fostered and Adopted Children 104 Conclusions 105 References 105 13 Promoting Infant Mental Health 109 Christine Puckering Why the Early Years Matter 109 Pregnancy and the Perinatal Period 110 Contents ix Intervention 111 Antenatal and Postnatal Interventions 111 Intervention During Early Childhood 112 The Need for Supportive Services 113 Primary Health Care Services 113 The Role of Child Mental Health Services 113 References 113 14 Promoting Children’s Well-Being: The Prevention of Depression and Anxiety 117 Paul Stallard Prevention 117 School-Based Prevention 119 Depression Prevention Programmes 119 Anxiety Prevention Programmes 120 Future Developments and Challenges 121 References 122 15 Fostering Resilience in Adolescents 125 Angela Veale Introduction 125 What Do We Mean by Resilience? 125 Agency in Resilience 126 Mobilizing Social Networks to Foster Coping and Resilience 126 Implications for Policy and Practice 127 Mobilizing Resilience: An Illustrative Example 127 Summary of the Project 127 Implementing the Project 129 Conclusion 130 References 131 16 Sexual Orientation, Sexual Health and Gender Dysphoria 133 Justin Wakefield Introduction 133 Sexual Orientation 133 Defining Sexual Orientation and Its Importance in Clinical Evaluation 133 An Overview of the Literature Relating Sexual Orientation and Mental Health 134 Understanding the Associations Between Sexual Orientation and Mental Health 134 Intervening to Prevent Adverse Mental Health Outcomes 134 Sexual Health 135 The Influence of Mental Health on Sexual Behaviour 135 The Influence of Mental Health Treatment on Sexual Behaviour 136 Clinical Implications 136 Gender Dysphoria 136 Diagnostic Issues 136 Epidemiology 136 x Contents Aetiology 137 Clinical Management in Childhood 137 Clinical Management in Adolescence 137 Non-specialist care 137 Specialist Care 138 Summary 138 References 138 17 Child Users of Online and Mobile Technologies – Risks, Harms and Intervention 141 Peter K. Smith and Sonia Livingstone Aggressive Risks: Cyber-Aggression and Cyberbullying 142 Sexual Risks: Pornography, Sexting, Stranger Danger 142 Trends Over Time 143 The Harm Associated with Mobile and Online Risk 144 Aggressive Risks and Harm 144 Sexual Risks and Harm 145 Factors that Increase Risk of Harm or Protect Against Them 145 Interventions 145 Challenges to Research 145 Policy Implications 146 References 146 Internet Resources 148 Section 3 The Impact of Trauma, Loss and Maltreatment 3a: Trauma and Loss 149 18 Children Bereaved by Parent or Sibling Death 151 Linda Dowdney Children’s Understanding of Death 151 How Children Express Grief 151 Early Childhood 151 Middle Childhood 152 Adolescence 152 Resilience and Positive Outcomes in Bereaved Children 152 Psychopathology in Bereaved Children 152 Prolonged Complex Bereavement 153 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis (HPA) Dysregulation 153 What Influences Child Outcome? 153 Interventions with Bereaved Children 154 Theoretical and Cultural Influences 154 What Do Bereaved Children Need? 154 What is Helpful for Parents? 155 Services for Bereaved Children 155 The Role of Professionals 155 Conclusions 157 References 157 Contents xi Internet Resources 159 For Families 159 Resources for Schools and Teachers 159 Advice on Different Faith and Belief Communities 159 19 Stress and Reactions to Stress in Children 161 David Trickey Reactions 161 Cognitive Model of PTSD 163 Evidence-Based Interventions 164 Conclusion 165 References 165 20 Children’s Developing Sense of Moral Agency, and the Disruptions Associated with War Exposure 167 Cecilia Wainryb The Development of Moral Agency 167 Challenges Posed by Exposure to War 168 Numb Agency 168 Imbalanced Agency 169 Essentialized Agency 170 Conclusions 171 References 172 Section 3b: Maltreatment 175 21 Child Maltreatment 177 Danya Glaser Introduction 177 The Nature of Maltreatment 177 Epidemiology 177 Social and Family Factors 179 The Harm to the Child 179 Psychosocial Development 180 Educational Progress and Employment 181 Recognition of Maltreatment and Assessment of Harm and Need 181 Professional Response to Child Maltreatment 182 Treatment and Future Prevention 183 Conclusion 184 References 184 22 The Neuroscience and Genetics of Childhood Maltreatment 187 Eamon McCrory, Vanessa B. Puetz and Essi Viding The Impact of Maltreatment on Brain Development 187 Structural Differences 188 Subcortical Structures: The Hippocampus and Amygdala 188 Cortical Structures: The Prefrontal Cortex and Cerebellum 188 Corpus Callosum and Other White Matter Tracts 189
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