Child Language: Acquisition and Development PDF
Preview Child Language: Acquisition and Development
Child Language Child Language Acquisition and Development 2nd Edition Matthew saxton SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 © Matthew Saxton 2017 First published 2010 Reprinted 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Library of Congress Control Number: 2016962661 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4462-9561-8 ISBN 978-1-4462-9562-5 (pbk) Editor: Luke Block Editorial assistant: Lucy Dang Production editor: Imogen Roome Copyeditor: Sarah Bury Proofreader: Christine Bitten Indexer: Martin Hargreaves Marketing manager: Lucia Sweet Cover design: Wendy Scott Typeset by: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed in the UK For Gary, Sue and Alex Drawing of Alex Saxton by Colin Saxton Contents Acknowledgements Publisher’s Acknowledgements Notes on the Organization of this Book Companion Website page 1 Prelude: Landmarks in the Landscape of Child Language From burping to grammar in the pre-school years Levels of language Listen in mother The cat in the hat in the womb Some conclusions on sound Word learning: From 0 to 14,000 in five years Say ‘mama’ Estimating vocabulary size The gavagai problem Morphology: Bits and pieces Syntax: Putting it all together Language in context: Perceptual, cognitive and social development The study of child language The lie of the land 2 Can Animals Acquire Human Language? Shakespeare’s Typewriter What is language? The infinite monkey theorem Language, talk and communication The design of language Teaching words to animals Talking versus sign language Lexigrams Barking up the right tree: Word learning in dogs Alex, the non-parroting parrot Animal grammar Combining words Comprehension of spoken English by Kanzi The linguistic limitations of animals Is speech special? Categorical perception in infants and primates Statistical learning Back to grammar: Infants versus monkeys The language faculty: Broad and narrow 3 The Critical Period Hypothesis: Now or Never? What is a critical period? A musical interlude Lenneberg’s critical period hypothesis Designing research on critical periods Cats’ eyes: An example from animal development How to identify a critical period The effects of linguistic deprivation The royal prerogative: Experiments on people Feral children Genie Different critical periods for different aspects of language A happier ending: The case of Isabelle Conclusions from cases of deprivation Age of acquisition effects in second language learning Early versus late starters: Effects on language outcomes Age effects may not be due to a critical period Plastic fantastic: The receptive brain Deafness and late language learning Two more cases of linguistic deprivation: Chelsea and E.M. Early versus late learning of American Sign Language 4 Input and Interaction: Tutorials for Toddlers Talking to young children Characteristics of Child Directed Speech Phonology Vocabulary Morphology and syntax A dynamic register Individual differences and their effects Child Directed Speech: Summary Lack of interaction: Can children learn language from television? Imitation Linguistic creativity: Children make their own sentences Skinner and Chomsky on imitation Imitation as a mechanism in cognitive development Imitation: Who, when and how? Individual differences in imitation Corrective input Recasts: Adult repetition of the child The ‘no negative evidence’ assumption Contrastive discourse Negative feedback Corrective input: Summary Universality of CDS Input and interaction in language acquisition 5 Language in the First Year: Breaking the Sound Barrier Hunt the phoneme In the beginning Drops of sound in a river of speech Categorical perception Specialization towards the native language Why I don’t speak Nthlakapmx Loss or decline? Enhancement of native contrasts Individual differences in infant speech perception Summary: Breaking the speech sound barrier Word segmentation The baby statistician Learning in the real world Prosodic cues to speech segmentation Relative cue strength Grammar from the babble Phonemes, words and grammar: Summary 6 The Developing Lexicon: What’s in a Name? Approaches to word learning First words Comprehension versus production What do one-year-olds talk about? Overextension Categorically wrong Lexical plugs: Pragmatic errors Losing it: Retrieval failures
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