Child development a cultural approach PDF
Preview Child development a cultural approach
child development A C u lt u r A l A p p r o A C h JEffrEy JEnsEn ArnEtt Clark University AshlEy E. MAynArd - University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Text Design: John Christiana Editor in Chief: Jessica Mosher Cover Design: Wanda Espana/Wee Design Group Executive Editor: Stephen Frail Cover Art: Danel Roldan Senior Development Editors: Julie Swasey, Deb Hartwell Digital Media Director: Brian Hyland Development Editor: Deb Hartwell Senior Digital Media Editor: Peter Sabatini Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Digital Media Project Manager: Caitlin Smith Marketing Manager: Nicole Kunzmann Full-Service Project Management: Mary Tindle, Managing Editor: Denise Forlow S4Carlisle Publishing Services Project Manager: Sherry Lewis Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Sr. Manufacturing and Operations Manager for Arts Printer/Binder: R.R. Donnelley, Willard and Sciences: Mary Fischer Cover Printer: Lehigh Phoenix Senior Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano Text Font: Sabon LT Std 10/13 Art Director: Leslie Osher Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. Child development: a cultural approach / Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Ashley Maynard.—1st ed. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-84107-3 ISBN-10: 0-205-84107-4 1. Child development. 2. Child development—Cross-cultural studies. 3. Child psychology. I. Maynard, Ashley, 1972- II. Title. HQ767.9.A75 2013 305.231—dc23 2012027311 Student Editions Hard Cover version ISBN 10: 0-205-84107-4 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-84107-3 Paperback version ISBN 10: 0-205-93889-2 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-93889-6 Books a’ la Carte ISBN 10: 0-205-93202-9 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-93202-3 To my mom, who loved it all, from start to finish. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett To my teachers, who taught me how to learn. Ashley E. Maynard This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xii Cultural FoCus: Incredible India! 10 Acknowledgments xxii HIstorICal FoCus: Ancient Conceptions of Human Development 18 researCH FoCus: Darwin’s Diary 36 A Cultural 1 Approach to Child Development 2 2 Genetics and Prenatal Development 44 Human Development toDay Section 1 anD itS originS 6 genetic influenceS Section 1 Humanity Today: A Demographic Profile 6 on Development 47 Variations across countries 7 Variations within countries 11 Genetic Basics 47 Genotype and phenotype 47 The Origins of Human Diversity 12 The sex chromosomes 50 Evolution and the birth of culture 13 Human evolution and human development today 15 Genes and Environment in Human Development 52 Principles of behavior genetics 52 tHeorieS of Human Section 2 Gene–environment interactions: Epigenesis and reaction Development 17 ranges 53 The theory of genotype (→) environment effects 54 Classic Theories 17 Genes and Individual Development 57 Psychodynamic theories 17 Sperm and egg formation 57 Behaviorism and learning theories 21 Conception 58 Constructivist theories 23 Recent Theories 26 Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory 26 prenatal Development Section 2 anD prenatal care 61 How we StuDy Human Prenatal Development 61 Section 3 Development 29 The germinal period (first 2 weeks) 61 The embryonic period (weeks 3–8) 62 The Scientific Study of Human The fetal period (week 9–birth) 63 Development 29 Prenatal Care 64 The five steps of the scientific method 29 Prenatal care in traditional cultures 64 Ethics in human development research 31 Scientifically based prenatal care 66 Methods and Designs in Research 32 Teratogens 68 Research methods 33 Research designs 38 v vi Contents Social and Emotional Aspects of Neonatal Care 121 SeCtion 3 pregnanCy probleMS 74 Crying and soothing 122 Bonding: Myth and truth 125 Postpartum depression 125 Risks in the Prenatal Period 74 Chromosomal disorders 74 Cultural FoCus: Easing Birth Among the Cuna Indians 99 Prenatal diagnosis 76 HIstorICal FoCus: The Tragic History of Doctor-Assisted Births in the 19th Century 101 Infertility and Reproductive Technology 77 researCH FoCus: How Much Does Breast-Feeding Matter? 120 Causes of infertility 77 Infertility treatments 78 Infertility worldwide 80 Cultural FoCus: Oskar and Jack: A Story of Genes, Environments, and Culture 56 4 Infancy 132 HIstorICal FoCus: How Are Babies Made? 80 researCH FoCus: The Human Genome Project 50 SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 135 3 Birth and the Newborn Child 88 Growth and Change in Infancy 135 Bodily growth 135 Brain development 137 sleep changes 140 birtH anD itS CUltUral SeCtion 1 Context 91 Infant Health 143 nutritional needs 143 The Birth Process 91 Infant mortality 144 stages of the birth process 91 Baby on the Move: Motor and Sensory Birth complications 92 Development 147 Cultural and Historical Variations in Birth Beliefs Motor development 147 and Practices 94 sensory development 151 Variations in birth beliefs 95 Variations in birth practices 96 SeCtion 2 Cognitive DevelopMent 154 Variations on birth in the West 100 Cultural variations in neonatal and maternal mortality 103 Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage 154 the sensorimotor substages 154 SeCtion 2 tHe neonate 106 Object permanence 155 Evaluating Piaget’s sensorimotor theory 156 The Neonate’s Health 106 Information Processing in Infancy 157 Measuring neonatal health 107 Attention 158 low birth weight 108 Memory 159 Physical Functioning of the Neonate 111 Assessing Infant Development 160 neonatal sleeping patterns 111 Approaches to assessing development 160 neonatal reflexes 112 Can media enhance cognitive development? the myth neonatal senses 113 of “Baby Einstein” 161 The Beginnings of Language 162 SeCtion 3 Caring for tHe neonate 117 first sounds and words 162 Infant-directed (Id) speech 164 Nutrition: Is Breast Best? 117 Evolutionary and historical perspectives on breast-feeding 117 Benefits of breast-feeding 118 Contents vii eMotional anD SoCial eMotional anD SoCial SeCtion 3 SeCtion 3 DevelopMent 166 DevelopMent 208 Temperament 166 Emotional Development in Toddlerhood 208 Conceptualizing temperament: three approaches 166 toddlers’ emotions 208 Goodness-of-fit 169 the birth of the self 211 Gender identity and the biology of gender Infants’ Emotions 169 development 212 Primary emotions 170 One Special Person: Attachment Theory Infants’ emotional perceptions 171 and Research 214 The Social World of the Infant 172 Attachment theory 214 Cultural themes of infant social life 173 Quality of attachment 217 the foundation of social development: two theories 174 Critiques of attachment theory 220 Cultural FoCus: Infant Care in Rural Turkey 149 The Social World of the Toddler 223 HIstorICal FoCus: Protecting Infants the Puritan Way 146 the role of fathers 223 researCH FoCus: Measuring Temperament 168 the wider social world: siblings, peers, and friends 226 Autistic spectrum disorders: A disruption in social development 228 Media use in toddlerhood 229 5 Toddlerhood 180 Cultural FoCus: Toddlerhood in Aboriginal Australia 225 HIstorICal FoCus: The History of Toilet Training 190 researCH FoCus: Early Child Care and Its Consequences 219 SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 183 6 Early Childhood 236 Growth and Change in Years 2 and 3 183 Bodily growth 183 Brain development 185 sleep and (more) teething 186 Motor development 187 SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 239 Socializing Physical Functions: Toilet Training and Weaning 189 Growth From Age 3 to 6 239 toilet training 189 Weaning 191 Bodily growth 239 Brain development and “infantile” amnesia 240 health and safety in early childhood 241 SeCtion 2 Cognitive DevelopMent 194 Motor Development 245 Gross and fine motor skills 245 handedness 246 Cognitive Development Theories 194 Cognitive development in toddlerhood: Piaget’s theory 194 Vygotsky’s cultural theory of cognitive development 197 SeCtion 2 Cognitive DevelopMent 248 Language Development 199 the biological and evolutionary bases of language 199 Theories of Cognitive Development 248 Milestones of toddler language: from first words to fluency 201 Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive learning language in a social and cultural context 204 development 248 Understanding thinking: the development of “theory of mind” 252 Cultural learning in early childhood 253 viii Contents Early Childhood Education 254 Language Development 314 the importance of preschool quality 254 Vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics 314 Cross-national variations 256 Bilingualism 315 Preschool as a cognitive intervention 257 School in Middle Childhood 317 Language Development 259 Cultural variations in school experiences 317 Advances in vocabulary and grammar 259 learning the cognitive skills of school: reading Pragmatics: social and cultural rules of language 260 and mathematics 320 eMotional anD SoCial SeCtion 3 eMotional anD SoCial DevelopMent 262 SeCtion 3 DevelopMent 324 Emotional Regulation and Gender Emotional and Self-Development 324 Socialization 262 smooth sailing: Advances in emotional self-regulation 324 Emotional regulation 262 self-understanding 325 Moral development 264 Gender development 327 Gender development 266 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Middle Parenting 268 Childhood 329 Parenting “styles” 268 family relations 329 Parenting in other cultures 271 friends and peers 333 discipline and punishment 272 Work 337 The Child’s Expanding Social World 277 Media use 341 siblings and “only children” 278 Cultural FoCus: School Socialization in Guatemala 319 Peers and friends 279 HIstorICal FoCus: Work Among British Children Media use in early childhood 284 in the 19th Century 340 Cultural FoCus: Shyness in China and Canada 282 researCH FoCus: TV or Not TV 343 HIstorICal FoCus: Beat a Child, Save a Soul 275 researCH FoCus: The Montessori Preschool Program 256 8 Adolescence 350 7 Middle Childhood 292 SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 354 SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 296 The Metamorphosis: Biological Changes of Puberty 354 the physical changes of puberty 354 Growth in Middle Childhood 296 the timing of puberty 356 Physical growth and sensory development 296 Cultural responses: Puberty rituals 359 nutrition and malnutrition 297 Health Issues in Adolescence 360 Illness and injuries 299 Eating disorders 360 Motor Development 301 substance use 363 Gross motor development 301 fine motor development 302 SeCtion 2 Cognitive DevelopMent 366 Cognitive SeCtion 2 DevelopMent 304 Piaget’s Theory of Formal Operations 366 hypothetical-deductive reasoning 366 Theories of Cognitive Development 304 Critiques of Piaget’s theory of formal operations 367 Concrete operations 304 Information processing 306 Intelligence and intelligence tests 309 Contents ix Other Changes in Adolescent Thinking 368 Physical Changes of Emerging Adulthood 418 Information processing: Selective attention and The peak of physical functioning 418 metamemory 369 Sleep patterns and deficits 419 Social cognition: The imaginary audience and the personal Risk Behavior and Health Issues 421 fable 369 Culture and cognition 371 Injuries and fatalities: Automobile accidents 421 Substance use and abuse 424 Adolescent Education and Work 372 Schools: Secondary education around the world 372 Adolescent work 375 Section 2 cognitive Development 428 emotional anD Social Postformal Thinking 428 Section 3 Development 378 Pragmatism 428 Reflective judgment 429 Emotional and Self-Development 378 Tertiary Education: College, University, Emotionality in adolescence: Storm and stress? 378 and Training Programs 430 Self-development in adolescence 380 Cultural variations in tertiary education 432 Gender intensification in adolescence 381 The benefits of tertiary education 433 Cultural Beliefs: Morality and Religion 383 Moral development 383 emotional anD Social Religious beliefs 386 Section 3 Development 436 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence 387 Emotional and Self-Development 436 Family relationships 387 Self-esteem 436 Peers and friends 390 Identity development 437 Love and sexuality 394 Gender development: Cultural beliefs and stereotypes 443 Media use 397 Cultural Beliefs 445 Problems and Resilience 398 Religious development 445 Crime and delinquency 399 Political development 446 Depression 401 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Emerging Resilience in adolescence 402 Adulthood 448 Cultural FoCus: Apprenticeships in Europe 376 Family relationships 448 HIstorICal FoCus: From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls 362 Friendships 450 researCH FoCus: The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents’ Love and sexuality 451 Family Lives 389 Finding adult work 456 Social uses of media 458 Cultural FoCus: The Young Men of Chuuk Lagoon 426 9 Emerging HIstorICal FoCus: Gender and Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood 431 Adulthood 410 researCH FoCus: Graduated Driver Licensing 424 Practice Test Answer Key 466 Glossary 467 Section 1 pHySical Development 413 References 476 Credits 520 Name Index 522 The Emergence of Emerging Adulthood 413 Subject Index 529 Five features 415 The cultural context of emerging adulthood 417
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