Child Abuse and Neglect: Attachment, Development and Intervention PDF
Preview Child Abuse and Neglect: Attachment, Development and Intervention
Child Abuse and Neglect Also by David Howe: Social Workers and their Practice in Welfare Bureaucracies An Introduction to Socal Work Theory The Consumers’ View of Family Therapy Half a Million Women: Mothers Who Lose their Children by Adoption (with P. Sawbridge and D. Hinings) On Being a Client: Understanding the Process of Counselling and Psychotherapy Attachment Theory for Social Work Practice* Attachment and Loss in Child and Family Social Work Adopters on Adoption: Reflections on Parenthood and Children Patterns of Adoption: Nature, Nurture and Psychosocial Development Atta chment Theory, Child Maltreatment and Family Support* (with M. Brandon, D. Hinings and G. Schofield) Adoption, Search and Reunion (with J. Feast) The Adoption Reunion Handbook (with L. Trinder and J. Feast) Contact in Adoption and Permanent Foster Care (with E. Neil) * Also published by Palgrave Macmillan Child Abuse and Neglect Attachment, Development and Intervention David Howe © David Howe 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-4825-0 hardback ISBN 978-1-4039-4826-7 ISBN 978-0-230-80239-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-230-80239-1 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2005045732 This book is dedicated to the memory of my mother and father Contents Preface xiii Part I 1 Emotions, Attachment and the Psychological Self 1 Developing Minds in the Context of Close Relationships 3 Introduction 3 Maltreating Minds 5 The Mental Processing of Social Information 7 2 Emotions and Mind-Mindedness 11 Emotions and their Importance in Development, Social Competence and Mental Health 11 Affect Regulation 14 Sensitive Caregiving, Intersubjectivity and Mentalization 15 Mind-Mindedness 19 Conclusion 26 3 Patterns of Attachment 27 Introduction 27 Attachment Behaviour 27 Attachment at the Level of Mental Representation (Internal Working Models) 28 Secure Attachments 31 Insecure and Anxious Patterns 32 Avoidant Attachments 34 Ambivalent Attachments 35 Disorganized Attachments 37 Controlling Behaviours 41 4 Defensive Processes, Attachment and Maltreatment 46 Introduction 46 Stress 48 Defensive Exclusion 48 Cognitive Disconnection (Associated with Ambivalent, Dependent and Preoccupied Attachment Patterns) 50 Deactivation of Attachment Behaviour (Associated with Avoidant and Dismissing Patterns) 55 vii viii Contents Segregated Representational Systems and Dissociation (Associated with Unresolved and Helpless/Hostile States of Mind, and Disorganized, Out-Of-Control and Dissociated Patterns) 57 Types of Maltreatment 63 Conclusion 64 Part II 67 Abuse 5 Physical Child Abuse 69 Introduction 69 Characteristics of the Caregiving Environment 72 Children’s Behaviour and Development 77 The Child’s Behaviour and Mental State as an Adaptive, Coping and Survival Strategy 80 Internal Working Model of the Self 82 Internal Working Model of Others 83 Internal Working Model of Relationships and How They Work 83 Bernard (Aged 10 Years) 85 Fabrication or Induction of Illness (F11) in Children 86 Physical Abuse: Conclusion 89 6 Psychological Maltreatment: Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Rejection 90 Introduction 90 Characteristics of the Caregiving Environment 91 Children’s Behaviour and Development 98 The Child’s Behaviour and Mental State as an Adaptive, Coping and Survival Strategy 101 Internal Working Model of the Self 104 Internal Working Model of Others 104 Internal Working Model of Relationships and How They Work 105 Peter (Aged Five) and Tom (Aged Three) 105 Conclusion 110 Part III 111 Neglect 7 Disorganized Neglect 119 Introduction 119 Characteristics of the Caregiving Environment 120 Contents ix Children’s Behaviour and Development 125 The Child’s Behaviour and Mental State as an Adaptive, Coping and Survival Strategy 126 Internal Working Model of the Self 129 Internal Working Model of Others 130 Internal Working Model of Relationships and How they Work 131 Liam (Aged Ten) and His Family 132 Conclusion 134 8 Depressed, Passive and Physical Neglect 135 Introduction 135 Characteristics of the Caregiving Environment 136 Children’s Behaviour and Development 137 The Child’s Behaviour and Mental State as an Adaptive, Coping and Survival Strategy 138 Internal Working Model of the Self 139 Internal Working Model of Others 139 Internal Working Model of Relationships and How They Work 140 The Ledward Family 140 Conclusion 142 9 Severe Deprivation and Chronic Neglect Including Institutionalized Care 143 Introduction 143 Characteristics of the Caregiving Environment 144 Children’s Behaviour and Development 145 The Child’s Behaviour and Mental State as an Adaptive, Coping and Survival Strategy 148 Internal Working Model of the Self 150 The Internal Working Model of Others and Relationships 151 Georgia 151 Conclusion 152 Part IV 155 Compound Cases of Abuse and Neglect 10 Physical Abuse and Neglect 157 Introduction 157 Characteristics of the Caregiving Environment 157 Children’s Behaviour and Development 162 The Child’s Behaviour and Mental State as an Adaptive, Coping and Survival Strategy 168 x Contents Controlling Strategies 171 Internal Working Model of the Self 174 Internal Working Model of Others 176 Internal Working Model of Relationships and How They Work 177 Kerry (Aged Five) and Luke (Aged Three) 179 Conclusion 182 11 Drugs, Depression and Domestic Violence 183 Introduction 183 Substance Abuse 183 Depression 189 Domestic Violence 194 Conclusion 198 12 Child Sexual Abuse 199 Introduction 199 Characteristics of the Caregiving Environment 200 Children’s Behaviour and Development 203 The Child’s Behaviour and Mental State as an Adaptive, Coping and Survival Strategy 208 Conclusion 214 Part V 215 Interventions, Treatment and Support 13 Parent–Infant and Young Child Interventions 221 Introduction 221 Enhancing Parental Sensitivity and Responsiveness at the Behavioural Level 222 Changing Parents’ Behaviour and Mental Representations 226 Social Support and Improving Parental Well-Being 229 Conclusion 233 14 Interventions with Pre-School and School-Age Children 234 Introduction 234 Developmental Age and Chronological Age 236 Attachment Problems and Types of Treatment 239 Psychological and Affectively Attuned Interventions 241 Treatments Based on Affect Attunement and Corrective Emotional Experiences 250 Attachment Theory and Family Therapy 258 Conclusion 259
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