Chemoprevention of Cancer and DNA Damage by Dietary Factors

809 Pages·2009·6.889 MB·English

Chemoprevention of Cancer and
DNA Damage by Dietary Factors
Edited by
Siegfried Knasmu¨ller,
David M. DeMarini,
Ian Johnson, and
Clarissa Gerha¨user
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Chemoprevention of Cancer and
DNA Damage by Dietary Factors
Edited by
Siegfried Knasmüller, David M. DeMarini, Ian Johnson,
and Clarissa Gerhäuser
TheEditors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully
produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
Prof.Dr.SiegfriedKnasmüller publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained
InstituteforCancerResearch inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof
MedicalUniversityVienna errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
Borschkegasse8a statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsor
1090Vienna otheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
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InstituteofFoodResearch publicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
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Norwich,NorfolkNR47UA Internetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de.
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#2009WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,
Dr.ClarissaGerhäuser Weinheim
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ISBN:978-3-527-32058-5
V
Contents
Preface XXVII
Foreword: Prevention of Cancer, and the Other Degenerative
Diseases of Aging, Through Nutrition XXXI
BruceN.AmesandJoyceC.McCann
List of Contributors XXXIX
PartOne GeneralPrinciples 1
1 MolecularMechanismsofCancerInductionandChemoprevention 3
HelmutBartschandClarissaGerhäuser
1.1 CancerChemoprevention 3
1.2 MolecularMechanismsandTargetsofChemopreventiveAgents 4
1.2.1 Carcinogen-BlockingActivities 5
1.2.2 AntimutagenicEffectsandDNARepair 5
1.2.3 TargetingEpigeneticMechanisms 6
1.2.4 Radical-ScavengingandAntioxidantEffects 7
1.2.5 Anti-InflammatoryMechanisms 8
1.2.6 AntitumorPromotingActivities 9
1.2.7 AntiproliferativeMechanisms 11
1.2.8 InductionofApoptosisandTerminalCellDifferentiation 12
1.2.9 InhibitionofAngiogenesis(Angioprevention) 13
1.3 Perspectives 15
1.4 Conclusion 16
References 17
2 TypesandConsequencesofDNADamage 21
DanielT.ShaughnessyandDavidM.DeMarini
2.1 Introduction 21
ChemopreventionofCancerandDNADamagebyDietaryFactors.
EditedbySiegfriedKnasmüller,DavidM.DeMarini,IanJohnson,andClarissaGerhäuser
Copyright(cid:1)2009WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-32058-5
VI Contents
2.2 TypesofDNADamage 22
2.3 HowtoDetectDNADamageExperimentally 24
2.4 DNADamageResponse 26
2.5 TypesofDNARepair 27
2.5.1 DirectDNARepair 27
2.5.2 BaseExcisionRepair 27
2.5.3 NucleotideExcisionRepair 28
2.5.4 MismatchRepair 29
2.5.5 HomologousandNonhomologousRecombination
forRepairofDouble-StrandBreaks 29
2.5.6 DNADamageTolerance:SOSRepairandTrans-LesionSynthesis 30
2.6 TypesofMutations 31
2.7 AssaystoDetectMutagens 31
2.8 ImplicationsforChemoprevention 32
References 32
3 InductionofDNADamageandCancerbyDietaryFactors 35
WolframParzefall,NinaKager,andSiegfriedKnasmüller
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Nitrosamines 35
3.3 HeterocyclicAromaticAmines 37
3.4 PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbons 40
3.5 OtherThermalDegradationProducts 42
3.6 Mycotoxins 46
3.7 CarcinogensinPlantFoods 49
3.8 FoodAdditivesandPesticides/HerbicideResidues 49
3.9 HumanCancerRisksofFoodSpecificCarcinogens 50
References 52
4 MechanismsofChemoprevention,Antimutagenesis,and
Anticarcinogenesis:AnOverview 57
SilvioDeFlora,CarloBennicelli,AlessandraBattistella,and
MariaBagnasco
4.1 AntimutagenesisandAnticarcinogenesis 57
4.2 StrategiesforPreventingCancerandOtherMutation-Related
Diseases 57
4.3 ClassificationofMechanismsofChemopreventiveAgents 59
4.4 OverviewofMechanismsofInhibitorsofMutagenesisand
Carcinogenesis 60
4.4.1 ExtracellularMechanisms 60
4.4.1.1 InhibitionofUptake 60
4.4.1.2 InhibitionofEndogenousFormation 60
4.4.1.3 Complexation,Dilution,andDeactivation 61
4.4.2 InhibitionofGenotoxicDamageandCancerInitiation 61
4.4.2.1 ModulationofMetabolism 61
Contents VII
4.4.2.2 Nucleophilicity 62
4.4.2.3 AntioxidantMechanisms 62
4.4.2.4 InhibitionofCellReplication 62
4.4.2.5 MaintenanceofDNAStructureandModulation
ofitsMetabolismandRepair 63
4.4.2.6 ControlofGeneExpression 63
4.4.3 InhibitionofTumorPromotion 64
4.4.3.1 Anti-InflammatoryActivity 64
4.4.3.2 SignalTransductionModulation 64
4.4.3.3 ProtectionofGapJunctionalIntercellularCommunications(GJIC) 64
4.4.3.4 InductionofCellDifferentiation 65
4.4.3.5 ModulationofApoptosis 65
4.4.4 InhibitionofTumorProgression 65
4.4.4.1 InhibitionofAngiogenesis 65
4.4.4.2 ModulationoftheHormonalStatus 66
4.4.4.3 EffectsontheImmuneSystem 66
4.4.5 InhibitionofInvasionandMetastasis 66
4.5 ConcludingRemarks 67
References 68
5 AntioxidantsandCancer:FactandFiction 73
AndrewR.CollinsandAlainFavier
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 FruitsandVegetables:theEvidence 73
5.3 OxidativeDamageandAntioxidants 74
5.4 Large-ScaleInterventionStudieswithAntioxidants 75
5.4.1 TheLinxianStudy 75
5.4.2 TheAlpha-TocopherolBeta-CaroteneTrialinFinland 77
5.4.3 TheBeta-CaroteneandRetinolEfficiencyTrialintheUnitedStates 77
5.4.4 TheUSPhysiciansHealthStudy 77
5.4.5 TheMRC/BHFHeartProtectionStudy,UnitedKingdom 78
5.4.6 TheSU.VI.MAXStudy 78
5.4.7 TwoMeta-Analyses 78
5.5 UsingSurrogateBiomarkersforDiseaseRisk 79
5.5.1 OxidationofBasesinDNA 79
5.5.2 InterventionTrialswithAntioxidants,UsingtheCometAssay
toAssessDNADamage 84
5.6 NonantioxidantEffectsofAntioxidants 87
5.7 Conclusions 87
References 88
6 XenobioticMetabolism:ATargetforNutritionalChemoprevention
ofCancer? 93
HansruediGlatt
6.1 XenobioticsandTheirDisposition–BasalAspects 93
VIII Contents
6.2 ClassificationofBiotransformationReactionsandEnzymes 95
6.2.1 ConventionalPhase1/Phase2Concept 95
6.2.2 ToxicologicalClassificationofBiotransformationReactions 98
6.2.3 ChaosandSelection 99
6.2.4 ModifiedPhase1/Phase2TermsUsedintheChemoprevention
Area 100
6.2.5 GoodandBadEnzymes 101
6.3 ToxicokineticInteractionsLeadingtoEnhancedorReduced
EffectsofCarcinogens 102
6.3.1 IndividualKnownCarcinogens 102
6.3.2 WideSetsofIdentifiedandUnidentifiedCarcinogens 103
6.4 Conclusions 106
References 107
7 DietaryFactorsRegulateMetabolismofCarcinogensthrough
TranscriptionalSignalingPathways 109
SoonaShinandThomasW.Kensler
7.1 Introduction 109
7.2 Nrf2 110
7.2.1 Keap1-MediatedRegulationofNrf2 112
7.2.2 Phosphorylation 113
7.2.2.1 Mitogen-ActivatedProteinKinases 113
7.2.2.2 ProteinKinaseC 114
7.2.2.3 CK2 114
7.3 ArylHydrocarbonReceptor 114
7.3.1 Regulation 115
7.4 NuclearReceptors 116
7.4.1 RegulationoftheCARPathway 117
7.4.2 RegulationofthePXRPathway 117
7.5 Conclusions 118
References 118
8 Endocrine-RelatedCancersandPhytochemicals 121
JohannesC.HuberandJohannesOtt
8.1 Introduction 121
8.2 PhytoestrogensandEndocrine-RelatedCancers–Epidemiological
Studies 122
8.2.1 IsoflavonesandBreastCancer 122
8.2.1.1 Isoflavonesandthe‘‘WindowofOpportunity’’ 122
8.2.1.2 SerumIsoflavonesandBreastCancer 122
8.2.2 LignansandBreastCancer 124
8.2.3 PhytoestrogensandProstateCancer 125
8.3 MechanismsofCancerChemopreventionbyPhytoestrogens 125
8.4 EstrogenCarcinogenesis 126
8.4.1 EstrogenMetabolitesandCarcinogenesis 126
Contents IX
8.4.2 CYP1A1 129
8.4.2.1 Polymorphisms 129
8.4.2.2 ClinicalAspectsofCYP1A1Genotypes 130
8.4.2.3 BreastandCYP1A1 131
8.4.2.4 PharmacogenomicsandPhytochemicals 132
8.4.3 CYP1B1 133
8.4.3.1 GeneandProteinStructureofCYP1B1 133
8.4.3.2 GeneRegulation 133
8.4.3.3 EpigeneticRegulation 134
8.4.3.4 Polymorphisms 134
8.4.3.5 BreastCancer 135
8.4.3.6 EndometrialCancer 136
8.4.3.7 PharmacogenomicsandPhytochemicals 136
8.5 Conclusion 137
References 137
9 Inflammation-InducedCarcinogenesisandChemoprevention 145
HiroshiOhshima,SusumuTomono,Ying-LingLai,and
NoriyukiMiyoshi
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 PreventionofInflammation-AssociatedCancerbyAvoidanceof
CausesofTissueDamage 146
9.3 ChemopreventionbyModulatingInflammatoryProcesses 147
9.3.1 NF-kB 147
9.3.2 iNOS 148
9.3.3 COX-2 149
9.3.4 ROS-GeneratingEnzymesandAntioxidantDefense
Mechanisms 149
9.4 Conclusion 150
References 151
10 DNAMethylation 153
IanT.Johnson,NigelJ.Belshaw,andGilesO.Elliott
10.1 Introduction 153
10.2 EffectsofDietonDNAMethylation 155
10.3 ImpactofEnvironmentandNutritionontheHuman
Epigenome 156
10.4 ModificationofDNAMethylationbyNutrientsand
Phytochemicals 157
10.4.1 Folates 157
10.4.2 Selenium 158
10.4.3 Polyphenols 159
10.4.4 Isothiocyanates 160
10.5 Conclusions 160
References 161
X Contents
11 PreventionofAngiogenesisandMetastasis 163
TariqA.Bhat,AnilMittal,andRanaP.Singh
11.1 Introduction 163
11.2 Angiogenesis 164
11.2.1 AngiogenesisProcess 165
11.2.2 TumorAngiogenesis 166
11.2.3 AngiopreventiveAgents 166
11.2.4 Lymphangiogenesis 170
11.3 Metastasis 171
11.3.1 BasicStepsinCancerMetastasis 172
11.3.2 Epithelial–MesenchymalTransitioninMetastasis 173
11.3.3 InvasionandMigration 174
11.3.4 HomingMechanisms 175
11.3.5 PreventiveAgentsforMetastasis 177
11.4 Summary 177
References 178
12 ImpactofDietaryFactorsontheImmuneSystem 183
AlexaL.Meyer
12.1 AShortPresentationoftheImmuneSystem 183
12.1.1 TheFirstLineofDefense 183
12.1.2 AdaptiveImmunity 185
12.1.3 TheImmuneSysteminCancerogenesis 185
12.1.4 Cancer–ASeriousOpponent 186
12.2 TheRoleofNutritioninImmunity 186
12.2.1 FatandFattyAcids:TheirRoleinInflammation
andBeyond 186
12.2.2 TraceElements 188
12.2.3 Vitamins 189
12.2.4 NonnutritiveFoodComponents 190
References 194
13 EpidemiologicalStudies 199
AnthonyB.Miller
13.1 Introduction 199
13.2 ObservationalEpidemiologyStudies:WhatCanWeLearn
FromThem? 200
13.3 WhatAreWeTryingToDowithChemoprevention? 201
13.4 HowWillWeKnowIfWeAreSuccessful? 201
13.5 TheExampleofBeta-Carotene 202
13.6 FolicAcid 204
13.7 OtherMicronutrients 205
13.8 GreenTeaandOtherAgents 206
13.9 Conclusions 207
References 207