Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter PDF
Preview Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter
This page intentionally left blank Sixth Edition Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter jespe_fm-hr.indd 1 11/30/10 1:05 PM This page intentionally left blank Sixth Edition Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter Neil D. Jespersen St. John’s University, New York James E. Brady St. John’s University, New York Alison Hyslop In collaboration with St. John’s University, New York John Wiley and Sons, Inc. jespe_fm-hr.indd 3 11/30/10 1:05 PM VICE PRESIDENT, EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Kaye Pace ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Petra Recter ACQUISITION EDITOR Nicholas Ferrari PROJECT EDITOR Jennifer Yee MARKETING MANAGER Kristine Ruff SENIOR DESIGNER Jim O’Shea INTERIOR DESIGNER Brian Salisbury SENIOR ILLUSTRATION EDITOR Anna Melhorn SENIOR PHOTO EDITOR Jennifer MacMillan PHOTO RESEARCHER Susan Kaprov EXECUTIVE MEDIA EDITOR Thomas Kulesa MEDIA EDITOR Marc Wezdecki MEDIA PRODUCTION EDITOR Evelyn Levich CONTENT MANAGER Lucille Buonocore COVER PHOTO Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited This book was set in 10.5 Adobe Garamond by Prepare and printed and bound by Courier Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. ∞ Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and com- munity and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2004, 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jespersen, Neil D. Chemistry: the molecular nature of matter/Neil D. Jespersen, James E. Brady; In collaboration with Alison Hyslop. – 6th ed. p. cm. Previous edition: Chemistry/James E. Brady, Fred Senese; in collaboration with Neil D. Jespersen. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-57771-4 (cloth) Binder-Ready Version ISBN 978-0-470-91770-1 1. Chemistry. I. Jespersen, Neil D. II. Brady, James E. III. Hyslop, Alison IV. Title. QD33.2.B73 2012 540–dc22 2010043302 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 jespe_fm-hr.indd 4 11/30/10 1:05 PM About the Authors Neil D. Jespersen is a Professor of Chemistry at St. John’s University in New York. He earned a B.S. with Special Attainments in Chemistry at Washington and Lee University (VA) and his Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry with Joseph Jordan at The Pennsylvania State University. He has received awards for excellence in teaching and research from St. John’s University and the E. Emmit Reid Award in college teaching from the American Chemical Society’s Middle Atlantic Region. He chaired the Department of Chemistry for 6 years and has mentored the St. John’s student ACS club for over 30 years while continuing to enjoy teaching Quantitative and Instrumental Analysis courses, along with General Chemistry. He has been an active contributor to the Eastern Analytical Symposium, chair- ing it in 1991. Neil has authored the Barrons AP Chemistry Study Guide; has edited 2 books on Instrumental Analysis and Thermal Analysis; and has 4 chapters in research monographs, 50 refereed publications, and 150 abstracts and presentations. He is active at the local, regional and national levels of the American Chemical Society, and was recently elected to the ACS Board of Directors. When there is free time you can find him playing tennis, baseball with four grandchildren, or traveling with his wife Marilyn. James E. Brady received his BA degree from Hofstra College in 1959 and his Ph.D. from Penn State University under the direction of C. David Schmulbach in 1963. He is Professor Emeritus at St. John’s University, New York, where he taught graduate and undergraduate courses for 35 years. His first textbook, General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, coauthored with Gerard Humiston, was published in 1975. An innovative fea- ture of the text was 3D illustrations of molecules and crystal structures that could be studied with a stereo viewer that came tucked into a pocket inside the rear cover of the book. The popularity of his approach to teaching general chemistry is evident in the way his books have shaped the evolution of textbooks over the last 35 years. His useful chemical tools approach toward teaching problem solving was introduced by him at the 12th Bien- nial Conference on Chemical Education at UC Davis in 1992 and continues to evolve. He has been the principal coauthor of various versions of this text, along with John Holum, Joel Russell, Fred Senese, and Neil Jespersen. He is particularly pleased to be a member of the current author team. In 1999, Jim retired from St. John’s University to devote more time to writing, and since then he has coauthored three editions of this text. He and his wife, June, enjoy their current home in Jacksonville, Florida. Jim is an avid photographer and many of his photos of surfers have been published in the local newspaper. Alison Hyslop received her BA degree from Macalester College in 1986 and her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of Michael J. Therien in 1998. She is an Associate Professor at St. John’s University, New York, where she has been teach- ing graduate and undergraduate courses since 2000. She was a visiting Assistant Professor at Trinity College (CT) from 1998 to 1999. She was a visiting scholar at Columbia Uni- versity (NY) in 2005 and in 2007 and at Brooklyn College in 2009, where she worked on research projects in the laboratory of Brian Gibney. Her research focuses on the synthesis and study of porphyrin-based light harvesting compounds. When not in the laboratory, she likes to hike in upstate New York, and practice tae kwon do. | v jespe_fm-hr.indd 5 11/30/10 1:05 PM This page intentionally left blank Brief Contents 1 | Chemistry and the Atomic/Molecular View of Matter 1 2 | Scientific Measurements 29 3 | Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table 63 4 | The Mole and Stoichiometry 106 5 | Molecular View of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 155 6 | Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 213 7 | Energy and Chemical Change 253 8 | The Quantum Mechanical Atom 305 9 | The Basics of Chemical Bonding 357 10 | Theories of Bonding and Structure 408 11 | Properties of Gases 472 12 | Intermolecular Attractions and the Properties of Liquids and Solids 527 13 | Mixtures at the Molecular Level: Properties of Solutions 585 14 | Chemical Kinetics 636 15 | Chemical Equilibrium 695 16 | Acids and Bases, A Molecular Look 740 17 | Acid–Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions 773 18 | Solubility and Simultaneous Equilibria 830 19 | Thermodynamics 869 20 | Electrochemistry 918 21 | Nuclear Reactions and Their Role in Chemistry 976 22 | Metal Complexes 1016 23 | Organic Compounds, Polymers, and Biochemicals 1047 Appendix A: Review of Mathematics A-1 Appendix B: Answers to Practice Exercises and Selected Review Problems A-15 Appendix C: Tables of Selected Data A-39 Glossary G-1 Index I-1 | vii jespe_fm-hr.indd 7 11/30/10 1:05 PM This page intentionally left blank
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