Chemistry: The Central Science PDF
Preview Chemistry: The Central Science
GLoBaL GLoBaL edITIon edITIon eG dL ITo IoBa nL T C For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has h h e e collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range m C of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible e is learning tools. This Global edition preserves the cutting-edge approach n t r t and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization r y a l and adaptation from the north American version. S c i e n c e T h e dIr Chemistry IT T e Ioe n n T h The Central Science MB r uo rpw hn y • • ThIrTeenTh edITIon WL e M o oa dy Theodore L. Brown • H. Eugene LeMay, Jr. • Bruce E. Bursten w• aB Catherine J. Murphy • Patrick M. Woodward • Matthew W. Stoltzfus ru dr • Sste tn o l t z f u s This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author. Pearson Global Edition BROWN_1292057718_mech.indd 1 15/05/14 9:27 PM C he m i s t r y T h e C e n T r a l S C i e n C e 13Th ediTion G l o b a l e d i T i o n A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 1 15/05/14 7:32 PM This page is intentionally left blank. A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 2 15/05/14 7:32 PM C h e m i s t r y T h e C e n T r a l S C i e n C e 13Th ediTion G l o b a l e d i T i o n Theodore L. Brown University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign H. Eugene LeMay, Jr. University of Nevada, reno Bruce E. Bursten University of tennessee, Knoxville Catherine J. Murphy University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign Patrick M. Woodward the Ohio state University Matthew W. Stoltzfus the Ohio state University boston Columbus indianapolis new York San Francisco Upper Saddle river amsterdam Cape Town dubai london Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 3 15/05/14 7:32 PM Editor in Chief, Chemistry: Adam Jaworski Senior Acquisitions Editor: Terry Haugen Acquisitions Editor: Chris Hess, Ph.D. Executive Marketing Manager: Jonathan Cottrell Associate Team Lead, Program Management, Chemistry and Geoscience: Jessica Moro Editorial Assistant: Lisa Tarabokjia/Caitlin Falco Marketing Assistant: Nicola Houston Director of Development: Jennifer Hart Development Editor, Text: Carol Pritchard-Martinez Team Lead, Project Management, Chemistry and Geosciences: Gina M. Cheselka Project Manager: Beth Sweeten Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Edition: Laura Dent Project Director: Shona Mullen Senior Project Editor, Global Edition: Shambhavi Thakur Media Producer, Global Edition: M Vikram Kumar Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition: Trudy Kimber Cover Designer: PreMediaGlobal Cover Photo: © Viktoriya/Shutterstock Full-Service Project Management/Composition: Greg Johnson, PreMediaGlobal Operations Specialist: Christy Hall Illustrator: Precision Graphics Art Director: Mark Ong Interior Designer: Tamara Newnam Image Lead: Maya Melenchuk Photo Researcher: Kerri Wilson, PreMediaGlobal Text Permissions Manager: Alison Bruckner Text Permission Researcher: Jacqueline Bates, GEX Publishing Services Senior Content Producer: Kristin Mayo Production Supervisor, Media: Shannon Kong Electrostatic Potential Maps: Richard Johnson, Chemistry Department, University of New Hampshire Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text or on pp. P-1–P-2. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward, and Matthew W. Stoltzfus to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition entitled Chemistry: The Central Science, 13th edition, ISBN 978-0-321-91041-7, by Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward, and Matthew W. Stoltzfus, published by Pearson Education © 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-05771-8 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-05771-2 (Print) ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06725-4 (PDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in 9/10 Minion Pro by PreMedia Global USA Inc. Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 4 16/05/14 2:35 PM To our students, whose enthusiasm and curiosity have often inspired us, and whose questions and suggestions have sometimes taught us. A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 5 15/05/14 7:32 PM BRIEF CONTENTS Preface 20 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement 40 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 78 3 Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry 118 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution 160 5 Thermochemistry 202 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms 250 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements 294 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 336 9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 380 10 Gases 436 11 Liquids and Intermolecular Forces 480 12 Solids and Modern Materials 518 13 Properties of Solutions 568 14 Chemical Kinetics 612 15 Chemical Equilibrium 666 16 Acid–Base Equilibria 708 17 Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria 762 18 Chemistry of the Environment 812 19 Chemical Thermodynamics 850 20 Electrochemistry 894 21 Nuclear Chemistry 946 22 Chemistry of the Nonmetals 990 23 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry 1034 24 The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry 1078 APPENdICES A Mathematical Operations 1130 B Properties of Water 1137 C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C) 1138 D Aqueous Equilibrium Constants 1141 E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C 1143 Answers to Selected Exercises A-1 Answers to Give It Some Thought A-31 Answers to Go Figure A-38 Answers to Selected Practice Exercises A-44 Glossary G-1 Photo and Art Credits P-1 Index I-1 6 A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 6 16/05/14 2:13 PM CONTENTS Preface 20 2 A toms, Molecules, 1 I ntroduction: Matter and Ions 78 and Measurement 40 2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter 80 2.2 The discovery of Atomic Structure 81 1.1 The Study of Chemistry 40 Cathode Rays and Electrons 81 The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Radioactivity 83 The Nuclear Model of the Chemistry 42 Why Study Chemistry? 43 Atom 84 1.2 Classifications of Matter 44 2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure 85 States of Matter 45 Pure Substances 45 Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Elements 45 Compounds 46 Mixtures 48 Isotopes 87 1.3 Properties of Matter 49 2.4 Atomic Weights 88 Physical and Chemical Changes 50 The Atomic Mass Scale 88 Atomic Weight 89 Separation of Mixtures 51 2.5 The Periodic Table 90 1.4 Units of Measurement 52 2.6 Molecules and Molecular SI Units 53 Length and Mass 55 Compounds 94 Temperature 55 derived SI Units 57 Molecules and Chemical Formulas 94 Volume 57 density 57 Molecular and Empirical Formulas 94 1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement 60 Picturing Molecules 95 Precision and Accuracy 60 Significant 2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds 96 Figures 60 Significant Figures in Predicting Ionic Charges 97 Ionic Calculations 63 Compounds 98 1.6 dimensional Analysis 65 2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds 100 Using Two or More Conversion Factors 66 Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds 100 Conversions Involving Volume 67 Names and Formulas of Acids 105 Names and Chapter Summary and Key Terms 70 Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds 106 Learning Outcomes 71 Key Equations 71 Exercises 71 Additional 2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds 107 Exercises 75 Alkanes 107 Some derivatives of Alkanes 108 Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry and the Chapter Summary and Key Terms 110 Chemical Industry 44 Learning Outcomes 110 Key Equations 111 Exercises 111 A Closer Look The Scientific Method 52 Additional Exercises 116 Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry in the News 58 A Closer Look Basic Forces 87 Strategies in Chemistry Estimating Answers 66 A Closer Look The Mass Spectrometer 90 Strategies in Chemistry The Importance of A Closer Look What Are Coins Made Of? 92 Practice 69 Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Strategies in Chemistry The Features of This Organisms 99 Book 70 Strategies in Chemistry How to Take a Test 109 7 A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 7 16/05/14 2:14 PM 8 Contents Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 162 How Compounds dissolve in Water 163 Strong and Weak Electrolytes 164 4.2 Precipitation Reactions 166 3 Solubility Guidelines for Ionic C hemical Reactions Compounds 167 Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions 168 Ionic Equations and Spectator and Reaction Ions 169 Stoichiometry 4.3 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization 118 Reactions 170 3.1 Chemical Equations 120 Acids 170 Bases 171 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 171 Identifying Strong Balancing Equations 120 Indicating the and Weak Electrolytes 173 Neutralization States of Reactants and Products 123 Reactions and Salts 173 Neutralization 3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity 124 Reactions with Gas Formation 176 Combination and decomposition 4.4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 176 Reactions 124 Combustion Reactions 127 Oxidation and Reduction 176 Oxidation 3.3 Formula Weights 127 Numbers 178 Oxidation of Metals by Acids Formula and Molecular Weights 128 and Salts 180 The Activity Series 181 Percentage Composition from Chemical 4.5 Concentrations of Solutions 184 Formulas 129 Molarity 184 Expressing the Concentration 3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole 129 of an Electrolyte 185 Interconverting Molarity, Molar Mass 131 Interconverting Masses Moles, and Volume 186 dilution 187 and Moles 133 Interconverting Masses and 4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Numbers of Particles 134 Analysis 189 3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses 136 Titrations 190 Molecular Formulas from Empirical Chapter Summary and Key Terms 193 Formulas 138 Combustion Analysis 139 Learning Outcomes 194 Key 3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations 194 Exercises 194 Equations 141 Additional Exercises 199 Integrative Exercises 201 design an 3.7 Limiting Reactants 144 Experiment 201 Theoretical and Percent Yields 147 Chemistry Put to Work Antacids 177 Chapter Summary and Key Terms 149 Strategies in Chemistry Analyzing Chemical Learning Outcomes 149 Key Equations 150 Exercises 150 Additional Exercises 156 Reactions 184 Integrative Exercises 158 design an Experiment 158 Strategies in Chemistry Problem Solving 130 Chemistry and Life Glucose Monitoring 133 Strategies in Chemistry Design an 5 Experiment 148 Thermochemistry 202 5.1 Energy 204 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy 204 Units of Energy 206 System and 4 Surroundings 207 Transferring Energy: Work and Heat 207 Reactions in Aqueous 5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 208 Solution 160 Internal Energy 209 Relating ∆E to Heat and Work 210 Endothermic and Exothermic 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Processes 211 State Functions 212 Solutions 162 A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 8 15/05/14 7:32 PM Contents 9 5.3 Enthalpy 213 Orbitals and Quantum Numbers 266 Pressure–Volume Work 213 Enthalpy 6.6 Representations of Orbitals 268 Change 215 The s Orbitals 268 The p Orbitals 271 5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction 217 The d and f Orbitals 271 6.7 Many-Electron Atoms 272 5.5 Calorimetry 219 Orbitals and Their Energies 272 Electron Spin Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 219 and the Pauli Exclusion Principle 273 Constant-Pressure Calorimetry 221 Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume 6.8 Electron Configurations 275 Calorimetry) 223 Hund’s Rule 275 Condensed Electron 5.6 Hess’s Law 225 Configurations 277 Transition Metals 278 The Lanthanides and 5.7 Enthalpies of Formation 227 Actinides 278 Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate 6.9 Electron Configurations and the Enthalpies of Reaction 230 Periodic Table 279 5.8 Foods and Fuels 232 Anomalous Electron Configurations 283 Foods 232 Fuels 235 Other Energy Chapter Summary and Key Terms 284 Sources 236 Learning Outcomes 285 Key Equations 285 Exercises 286 Additional Exercises 290 Chapter Summary and Key Terms 238 Integrative Exercises 293 design an Learning Outcomes 239 Key Equations 240 Experiment 293 Exercises 240 Additional Exercises 247 Integrative Exercises 248 design an A Closer Look Measurement and the Uncertainty Experiment 249 Principle 263 A Closer Look Energy, Enthalpy, and P–V A Closer Look Thought Experiments and Work 216 Schrödinger’s Cat 265 Strategies in Chemistry Using Enthalpy as a A Closer Look Probability Density and Radial Guide 219 Probability Functions 270 Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Chemistry and Life The Regulation of Body Resonance Imaging 274 Temperature 224 Chemistry Put to Work The Scientific and Political Challenges of Biofuels 236 7 Periodic Properties of 6 the Elements 294 Electronic Structure of 7.1 development of the Periodic Atoms 250 Table 296 7.2 Effective Nuclear Charge 297 6.1 The Wave Nature of Light 252 7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions 300 6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons 254 Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii 302 Periodic Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy 254 Trends in Ionic Radii 303 The Photoelectric Effect and Photons 255 7.4 Ionization Energy 306 6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model 257 Variations in Successive Ionization Line Spectra 257 Bohr’s Model 258 Energies 306 Periodic Trends in First The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom 259 Ionization Energies 307 Electron Limitations of the Bohr Model 261 Configurations of Ions 309 6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter 261 7.5 Electron Affinity 310 The Uncertainty Principle 263 7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and 6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Metalloids 311 Orbitals 264 Metals 312 Nonmetals 314 Metalloids 315 A01_BROW7712_13_SE_FM.indd 9 15/05/14 7:32 PM
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