Chemistry Teacher’s Edition

2010·2 MB·English

by  CK12

Chemistry Teacher’s Edition
CK-12 Foundation
January 11, 2010
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Contents
1 TE The Science of Chemistry 13
1.1 Unit 1 Introduction to the Study of Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2 Chapter 1 The Science of Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3 Lesson 1.1 The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4 Lesson 1.2 Chemistry in History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.5 Lesson 1.3 Chemistry is a Science of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6 Lesson 1.4 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.7 Lesson 1.5 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2 TE Chemistry - A Physical Science 29
2.1 Chapter 2 Chemistry – A Physical Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Lesson 2.1 Measurements in Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 Lesson 2.2 Using Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Lesson 2.3 Using Mathematics in Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5 Lesson 2.4 Using Algebra in Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 TE Chemistry in the Laboratory 39
3.1 Chapter 3 Chemistry in the Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Lesson 3.1 Making Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 Lesson 3.2 Making Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4 Lesson 3.3 Using Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5 Lesson 3.4 How Scientists Use Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
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4 TE The Atomic Theory 49
4.1 Unit 2 Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2 Chapter 4 The Atomic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3 Lesson 4.1 Early Development of a Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4 Lesson 4.2 Further Understanding of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.5 Lesson 4.3 Atomic Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5 TE The Bohr Model of the Atom 59
5.1 Chapter 5 The Bohr Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.2 Lesson 5.1 The Wave Form of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.3 Lesson 5.2 The Dual Nature of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.4 Lesson 5.3 Light and the Atomic Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.5 Lesson 5.4 The Bohr Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6 TE Quantum Mechanics Model of the Atom 71
6.1 Chapter 6 Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2 Lesson 6.1 The Wave-Particle Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.3 Lesson 6.2 Schrodinger’s Wave Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.4 Lesson 6.3 Heisenberg’s Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.5 Lesson 6.4 Quantum Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.6 Lesson 6.5 S̃hapes of Atomic Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7 TE Electron Configurations for Atoms 85
7.1 Chapter 7 Electron Configurations of Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.2 Lesson 7.1 The Electron Spin Quantum Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.3 Lesson 7.2 Pauli Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.4 Lesson 7.3 Aufbau Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7.5 Lesson 7.4 Writing Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8 TE Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 95
8.1 Unit 3 Periodic Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
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8.2 Chapter 8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.3 Lesson 8.1 Electron Configurations of Main Group Elements . . . . . . . . . 99
8.4 Lesson 8.2 Orbital Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.5 Lesson 8.3 The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . 102
9 TE Relationships Between the Elements 105
9.1 Chapter 9 Relationships Between the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9.2 Lesson 9.1 Families on the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.3 Lesson 9.2 Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.4 Lesson 9.3 Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.5 Lesson 9.4 Chemical Family Members Have Similar Properties . . . . . . . . 113
9.6 Lesson 9.5 Transition Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9.7 Lesson 9.6 Lanthanide and Actinide Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
10 TE Trends on the Periodic Table 119
10.1 Chapter 10 Trends on the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.2 Lesson 10.1 Atomic Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
10.3 Lesson 10.2 Ionization Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.4 Lesson 10.3 Electron Affinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
11 TE Ions and the Compounds They Form 129
11.1 Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Formula Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
11.2 Chapter 11 Ions and the Compounds They Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
11.3 Lesson 11.1 The Formation of Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.4 Lesson 11.2 Ionic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
11.5 Lesson 11.3 Properties of Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
12 TE Writing and Naming Ionic Formulas 141
12.1 Chapter 12 Writing and Naming Ionic Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
12.2 Lesson 12.1 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3 Lesson 12.2 Inorganic Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
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13 TE Covalent Bonding 149
13.1 Chapter 13 Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
13.2 Lesson 13.1 The Covalent Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
13.3 Lesson 13.2 Atoms that Form Covalent Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
13.4 Lesson 13.3 Naming Covalent Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
14 TE Molecular Architecture 159
14.1 Chapter 14 Molecular Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
14.2 Lesson 14.1 Types of Bonds that Form Between Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
14.3 Lesson 14.2 The Covalent Molecules of Family 2A-8A . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
14.4 Lesson 14.3 Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
14.5 Lesson 14.4 Electronic and Molecular Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
14.6 Lesson 14.5 Molecular Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
15 TE The Mathematics of Compounds 173
15.1 Chapter 15 The Mathematics of Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
15.2 Lesson 15.1 Determining Formula and Molecular Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
15.3 Lesson 15.2 The Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
15.4 Lesson 15.3 Percent Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
15.5 Lesson 15.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
16 TE Chemical Reactions 183
16.1 Unit 5 Reactions and Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
16.2 Chapter 16 ￿̃”0303C̃hemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
16.3 Lesson 16.1 ￿̃”0303C̃hemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
16.4 Lesson 16.2 ￿̃”0303B̃alancing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
16.5 Lesson 16.3 ￿̃”0303T̃ypes of Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
16.6 Chapter 16 Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
17 TE Mathematics and Chemical Equations 195
17.1 Mathematics and Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
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17.2 Lesson 17.1 ￿̃”0303T̃he Mole Concept and Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
17.3 Lesson 17.2 ￿̃”0303M̃ass-Mass Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
17.4 Lesson 17.3 L̃imiting Reactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
17.5 Lesson 17.4 ￿̃”0303 Percent Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
17.6 Lesson 17.5 ￿̃”0303 Energy Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
18 TE The Kinetic Molecular Theory 207
18.1 Unit 6 ￿̃”0303 Kinetic Molecular Explanation and the States of Matter . . . 207
18.2 Chapter 18 ￿̃”0303T̃he Kinetic Molecular Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
18.3 Lesson 18.1 ￿̃”0303T̃he Three States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
18.4 Lesson 18.2 ￿̃”0303G̃ases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
18.5 Lesson 18.3 ￿̃”0303G̃ases and Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
18.6 Lesson 18.4 ￿̃”0303G̃as Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
18.7 Lesson 18.5 ￿̃”0303Ũniversal Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
18.8 Lesson 18.6 ￿̃”0303M̃olar Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
18.9 Lesson 18.7 ￿̃”0303S̃toichiometry Involving Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
19 TE The Liquid State 229
19.1 Chapter 19 ￿̃”0303T̃he Liquid State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
19.2 Lesson 19.1 ￿̃”0303T̃he Properties of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
19.3 Lesson 19.2 ￿̃”0303F̃orces of Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
19.4 Lesson 19.3 ￿̃”0303￿apor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
19.5 Lesson 19.4 ￿̃”0303B̃oiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
19.6 Lesson 19.5 ￿̃”0303H̃eat of Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
20 TE The Solid State-HSC 243
20.1 Chapter 20 ￿̃”0303T̃he Solid State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
20.2 Lesson 20.1 ￿̃”0303T̃he Molecular Arrangement in Solids Controls Solid Char-
acteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
20.3 Lesson 20.2 ￿̃”0303M̃elting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
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20.4 Lesson 20.3 ￿̃”0303T̃ypes of Forces of Attraction for Solids . . . . . . . . . . 254
20.5 Lesson 20.4 ￿̃”0303P̃hase Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
21 TE The Solution Process 259
21.1 Unit 7 Solutions and Their Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
21.2 Chapter 21 The Solution Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
21.3 Lesson 21.1 ￿̃”0303T̃he Solution Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
21.4 Lesson 21.2 ￿̃”0303W̃hy Solutions Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
21.5 Lesson 21.3 Solution Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
21.6 Lesson 21.4 Measuring Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
21.7 Lesson 21.5 Solubility Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
21.8 Lesson 21.6 Factors Affecting Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
21.9 Lesson 21.7 Colligative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
21.10Lesson 21.8 Colloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
21.11Lesson 21.9 Separating Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
22 TE Ions in Solution 279
22.1 Chapter 22 Ions in Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
22.2 Lesson 22.1 Ions in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
22.3 Lesson 22.2 Covalent Compounds in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
22.4 Lesson 22.3 Reactions Between Ions in Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
23 TE Chemical Kinetics 287
23.1 Unit 8 Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
23.2 Chapter 23 Chemical Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
23.3 Lesson 23.1 Rate of Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
23.4 Lesson 23.2 Collision Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
23.5 Lesson 23.3 Potential Energy Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
23.6 Lesson 23.4 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
23.7 Lesson 23.5 Reaction Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
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24 TE Chemical Equilibrium 303
24.1 Chapter 24 Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
24.2 Lesson 24.1 Introduction to Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
24.3 Lesson 24.2 Equilibrium Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
24.4 Lesson 24.3 The Effect of Applying Stress to Reactions at Equilibrium . . . 309
24.5 Lesson 24.4 Slightly Soluble Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
25 TE Acids and Bases 313
25.1 Unit 9 Chemistry of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
25.2 Chapter 25 Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
25.3 Lesson 25.1 Arrhenius Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
25.4 Lesson 25.2 Strong and Weak Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
25.5 Lesson 25.3 Arrhenius Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
25.6 Lesson 24.4 Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
25.7 Lesson 25.5 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
25.8 Lesson 25.6 Weak Acid/Base Equilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
25.9 Lesson 25.7 Bronsted Lowry Acids-Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
25.10Lesson 25.8 Lewis Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
26 TE Water, pH and Titration 331
26.1 Chapter 26 Water, pH, and Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
26.2 Lesson 26.1 Water Ionizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
26.3 Lesson 26.2 Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
26.4 Lesson 26.3 Titrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
26.5 Lesson 26.4 Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
27 TE Thermodynamics - HS Chemistry 345
27.1 Unit 10 Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
27.2 Chapter 27 Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
27.3 Lesson 27.1 Energy Change in Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
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27.4 Lesson 27.2 Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
27.5 Lesson 27.3 Spontaneous Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
27.6 Lesson 27.4 Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
27.7 Lesson 27.5 Gibb’s Free Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
28 TE Electrochemistry 355
28.1 Unit 11 Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
28.2 Chapter 28 Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
28.3 Lesson 28.1 Origin of the Term Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
28.4 Lesson 28.2 Oxidation-Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
28.5 Lesson 28.3 Balancing Redox Equations Using the Oxidation Number Method 363
28.6 Lesson 28.4 Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
28.7 Lesson 28.5 Galvanic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
29 TE Nuclear Chemistry 369
29.1 Unit 12 Nuclear Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
29.2 Chapter 29 Nuclear Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
29.3 Lesson 29.1 Discovery of Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
29.4 Lesson 29.2 Nuclear Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
29.5 Lesson 29.3 Nuclear Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
29.6 Lesson 29.4 Nuclear Disintegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
29.7 Lesson 29.5 Nuclear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
29.8 Lesson 29.6 Radiation Around Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
29.9 Lesson 29.7 Applications of Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
30 TE Organic Chemistry 389
30.1 Chapter 30 Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
30.2 Lesson 30.1 Carbon, A Unique Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
30.3 Lesson 30.2 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
30.4 Lesson 30.3 Aromatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
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