Chemistry of hazardous materials /

888 Pages·2010·37.896 MB·English

by  Eugene Meyer

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Pearson
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Meyer, Eugene
Chemistry of hazardous materials / Eugene Meyer. — 5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-504159-8 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-13-504159-7 (alk. paper)
1. Hazardous substances—Fires and fire prevention—Textbooks.
2. Hazardous substances—Textbooks. I. Title.
TH9446.H38M48 2010
628.9'2—dc22
2009017693
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ISBN: 13: 978-0-13-504159-8
ISBN: 10: 0-13-504159-7
ABOUT THE COVER
On March 12, 2007, CSX Transportation Train No. Q39010 was traveling from Buffalo,
New York, to Selkirk, New York, when 29 of its tankcars derailed near Oneida. In its entirety,
the train consisted of 79 cars, 20 of which contained liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a flammable
gas; one contained toluene, a flammable liquid; and one contained ferric chloride, a corrosive
liquid. During the derailment, four pressurized tanks containing LPG were punctured, which
resulted in the immediate release of their contents into the environment. As shown on the cover,
the LPG ignited and burned. Approximately 500 gal (1.9 m3) of toluene and 17,000 gal (64 m3)
of ferric chloride was also released from each of two nonpressurized tankcars. Emergency
responders from the Oneida Fire Department responded to this hazardous materials mishap.*
*Railroad Accident Report No. DCA-07-MR-009, “Derailment of CSX Transportation Train
No. Q39010, Oneida, New York, March 12, 2007,” NTSB/RAB-08/05 (National Transportation
Safety Board, Washington, DC, September 30, 2008).
v
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CONTENTS
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxix
About the Author xxxi
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Why Must Emergency Responders Study Chemistry? 3
1.2 General Characteristics of Hazardous Materials 4
1.3 NFPA Classes of Fire 4
1.3-A NFPA Class A Fire 5
1.3-B NFPA Class B Fire 5
1.3-C NFPA Class C Fire 5
1.3-D NFPA Class D Fire 6
1.3-E NFPA Class K Fire 6
1.4 Hazardous Substances Within Consumer Products 7
1.4-A Federal Hazardous Substances Act 7
1.4-B Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 11
1.4-C Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 12
1.4-D Toxic Substances Control Act 15
1.5 Hazardous Constituents of Pollutants and Wastes 16
1.5-A Clean Air Act 16
1.5-B Federal Water Pollution Prevention and Control Act 18
1.5-C Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 19
1.5-D Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act 19
1.6 Hazardous Chemicals Within the Workplace 20
1.6-A Warning Labels 21
1.6-B Material Safety Data Sheets 21
1.7 Hazardous Materials in Transit 31
1.8 Global Harmonization 31
1.9 Hazardous Substances Within Communities 32
1.10 NFPA System of Identifying Potential Hazards 33
1.11 CHEMTREC 35
1.12 National Response Center 36
Review Exercises 38
vii
Chapter 2: Features of Matter and Energy 42
2.1 Matter Defined 43
2.1-A Solids 44
2.1-B Liquids 44
2.2-C Gases 44
2.2 Units of Measurement 45
2.2-A Length 45
2.2-B Mass 46
2.2-C Volume 47
2.2-D General Use of the Metric System in
the United States 48
2.3 Converting Between Units of the Same Kind 49
2.4 Concentration 51
2.5 Density of Matter 52
2.5-A Specific Gravity 53
2.5-B Vapor Density 55
2.6 Energy 58
2.7 Temperature and Its Measurement 58
2.7-A The Fahrenheit and Celsius Temperature Scales 59
2.7-B The Kelvin and Rankine Temperature Scales 61
2.8 Pressure and Its Measurement 62
2.8-A Vapor Pressure 63
2.8-B Blood Pressure 65
2.9 Heat and Its Transmission and Impact on the Human Body 66
2.9-A Conduction 67
2.9-B Convection 67
2.9-C Radiation 68
2.9-D Spread of Fire 68
2.9-E Ill Effects Resulting from Exposure to Heat 69
2.10 Calculation of Heat 71
2.11 Thermal Expansion of Liquids 74
2.12 General Properties of the Gaseous State 77
2.12-A Boyle’s Law 77
2.12-B Charles’s Law 77
2.12-C Combined Gas Law 78
2.13 General Hazards Resulting from Exposure to Cryogens 79
2.13-A Expansion of Cryogens During Vaporization 80
2.13-B Impact of Cryogens on Other Matter 81
2.13-C Ill Effects Resulting from Exposure to Cryogens 81
Review Exercises 83
viii Contents
Chapter 3: Flammable Gases and Flammable Liquids 86
3.1 Liquid Flammability 87
3.1-A OSHA/NFPA Definition of a Flammable Liquid
and a Combustible Liquid 89
3.1-B “Emptied” Tanks 90
3.1-C Liquid Accelerants 92
3.2 RCRA Characteristic of Ignitability 93
3.3 Storing and Transporting Compressed Gases 94
3.3-A Compressed Gases in Storage 94
3.3-B Cylinders of Compressed Gases in Transport 95
3.3-C Compressed Gases During Transport in Bulk 97
3.4 General Hazards of Compressed Gases 99
3.4-A Compressed Gas Cylinders and Stationary Storage Tanks 99
3.4-BCompressed Gas Transport Vessels 101
3.5 Responding to Incidents Involving the Release
of Flammable Gases 101
3.6 Storing Flammable Liquids 108
3.6-A Storage Within Containers 111
3.6-B Storage Within Portable Tanks 114
3.6-C Storage Within Stationary Tanks 115
3.7 Transporting Flammable Liquids 117
3.7-A Transport by Motor Carrier 117
3.7-B Transport by Rail Tankcar 117
3.8 Responding to Incidents Involving the Release
of Flammable Liquids 118
3.8-A Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions 118
3.8-B General Response Procedures 121
Review Exercises 123
Chapter 4: Chemical Forms of Matter 126
4.1 Elements and Compounds 127
4.2 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 130
4.3 Chemical and Physical Changes 130
4.4 Some Basic Features of Atoms 132
4.5 The Periodic Classification of the Elements 134
4.6 Molecules and Ions 136
4.7 The Nature of Chemical Bonding 137
4.8 Lewis Symbols 138
Contents ix