Chemistry in Context

720 Pages·2017·113.302 MB·English

by  American Chemical Society, Bradley D Fahlman

CHEMISTRY Ninth Edition
in CONTEXT
Applying Chemistry to Society
A Project of the American Chemical Society
Chemistry
Context
in
Applying Chemistry to Society
®
A Project of the American Chemical Society

Ninth Edition
Chemistry
Context
in
Applying Chemistry to Society
Bradley D. Fahlman
Central Michigan University
Kathleen L. Purvis-Roberts
Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges
John S. Kirk
Carthage College
Anne K. Bentley
Lewis & Clark College
Patrick L. Daubenmire
Loyola University Chicago
Jamie P. Ellis
Ithaca College
Michael T. Mury
All Saints Academy
®
A Project of the American Chemical Society
CHEMISTRY IN CONTEXT: APPLYING CHEMISTRY TO SOCIETY, NINTH EDITION
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Fahlman, Bradley D. American Chemical Society.
Title: Chemistry in context : applying chemistry to society.
Description: Ninth edition / Bradley D. Fahlman, Central Michigan University
[and six others]. New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2018]
Previous edition: chemistry in context : applying chemistry to society /
Catherine H. Middlecamp (New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, 2015).
“A project of the American Chemical Society.”
Identifiers: LCCN 2016044871 ISBN 9781259638145 (alk. paper) ISBN
1259638146 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Biochemistry. Environmental chemistry. Geochemistry.
Classification: LCC QD415 .C482 2018 | DDC 540—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016044871
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Brief Contents
1
Portable Electronics: The Periodic Table in the Palm
of Your Hand 2
2
The Air We Breathe 38
3
Radiation from the Sun 78
4
Climate Change 118
5
Energy from Combustion 170
6
Energy from Alternative Sources 228
7
Energy Storage 270
8
Water Everywhere: A Most Precious Resource 306
9
The World of Polymers and Plastics 358
10
Brewing and Chewing 398
11
Nutrition 428
12
Health & Medicine 482
13
Genes and Life 522
14
Who Killed Dr. Thompson? A Forensic Mystery 554
Appendices
1
Measure for Measure: Metric Prefixes, Conversion Factors,
and Constants A-1
2
The Power of Exponents A-2
3
Clearing the Logjam A-3
4
Answers to Your Turn Questions A-5
5
Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Questions Indicated
in Blue in the Text A-50
Glossary
G-1
Index
I-1
v

Contents
Preface xiii 2.6 I Can “See” You! Visualizing
the Particles in the Air 46
Chapter 1 2.7 A Chemical Meet & Greet—
Naming Molecular Compounds 47
Portable Electronics:
2.8 T he Dangerous Few:
The Periodic Table in
A Look at Air Pollutants 49
the Palm of Your Hand 2
2.9 Are You Feeling Lucky?
1.1 What’s the Matter with Materials?
Assessing the Risk of
A Survey of the Periodic Table 4
Air Pollutants 51
1.2 Atomic Legos—Atoms as
2.10 I s It Safe to Leave My House?
Building Blocks for Matter 7
Air Quality Monitoring and
1.3 Compounding the Complexity—
Reporting 54
From Elements to Compounds 8
2.11 The Origin of Pollutants:
1.4 What Makes Atoms Tick?
Who’s to Blame? 57
Atomic Structure 11
2.12 More Oxygen, Please:
1.5 One-Touch Surfing:
The Effect of Combustion
How Do Touchscreens Work? 12
on Air Quality 60
1.6 A Look at the Elements in
2.13 Air Pollutants: Direct Sources 62
Their Natural States 14
2.14 Ozone: A Secondary Pollutant 66
1.7 Chemical Rock-’n-Roll:
2.15 A re We Really Safe from
How Do We Obtain Pure
Polluted Air by Staying
Metals from Complex Rocks? 16
Indoors? 69
1.8 Your Cell Phone Started
2.16 Is There a Sustainable
with a Day at the Beach:
Way Forward? 71
From Sand to Silicon 18
1.9 More Fun at the Beach: Conclusions 72
From Sand to Glass 24 Learning Outcomes 73
1.10 From Cradle to Grave: Questions 73
The Life Cycle of a Cell Phone 28
1.11 Howdy Neighbor, May We Chapter 3
Borrow a Few Metals? The Radiation from the Sun 78
Importance of Recycling and
3.1 Dissecting the Sun: The
Protecting Our Supply Chains 32
Electromagnetic Spectrum 79
Conclusions 34 3.2 The Personalities of Radiation 84
Learning Outcomes 34
3.3 The ABCs of Ultraviolet
Questions 35 Radiation 86
3.4 The Biological Effects
of Ultraviolet Radiation 87
Chapter 2 3.5 The Atmosphere as
The Air We Breathe 38 Natural Protection 91
2.1 Why Do We Breathe? 39 3.6 Counting Molecules:
How Can We Measure
2.2 Defining the Invisible: What
the Ozone Concentration? 93
Is Air? 40
3.7 How Does Ozone Decompose
2.3 You Are What You Breathe 42
in UV Light? 94
2.4 What Else Is in the Air? 44
3.8 How Safe Is Our Protective
2.5 Home Sweet Home: The
Ozone Layer? 98
Troposphere 45
© Thinkstock/Index Stock RF
vii
viii Contents
3.9 Chemistry to the Rescue 5.7 How Efficient Is a Power Plant? 187
Detriment? Human Roles
5.8 Power from Ancient
in the Destruction of the
Plants: Coal 190
Ozone Layer 101
5.9 From Steam Engines to
3.10 Where Do We Go from Sports Cars: The Shift from
Here: Can the Ozone
Coal to Oil 195
Hole Be Restored? 105
5.10 Squeezing Oil from Rock: How
3.11 How Do Sunscreens Work? 109 Long Can This Continue? 196
Conclusions 113 5.11 Natural Gas: A “Clean”
Learning Outcomes 113 Fossil Fuel? 198
Questions 114 5.12 Cracking the Whip: How
Do We Obtain Useful
Chapter 4 Petroleum Products
from Crude Oil? 200
Climate Change 118
5.13 What’s in Gasoline? 204
4.1 Carbon, Carbon Everywhere! 120
5.14 New Uses for an Old Fuel 207
4.2 Where Did All the Carbon
Atoms Go? 123 5.15 From Brewery to
Fuel Tank: Ethanol 208
4.3 Quantifying Carbon—
First Stop: Mass 125 5.16 From Deep Fryer to
Fuel Tank: Biofuels 212
4.4 Quantifying Carbon—Next
Stop: Molecules and Moles 127 5.17 Are Biofuels Really
Sustainable? 216
4.5 W hy Does It Matter Where
Carbon Atoms End Up? 130
Conclusions 221
4.6 Warming by Greenhouse
Learning Outcomes 221
Gases: Good, Bad, or a
Questions 222
Little of Both? 132
4.7 H ow Do You Recognize a
“Greenhouse Gas”? 133
Chapter 6
4.8 How Do Greenhouse
Gases Work? 138 Energy from Alternative
4.9 How Can We Learn from Sources 228
Our Past? 142 6.1 F rom Nuclear Energy to
Source: NASA/Scientific Visualization Bombs: The Splitting of
4.10 Can We Predict the Future? 148
Studio/Goddard Space Flight Center Atomic Nuclei 230
4.11 A Look at Our Future World 153
6.2 Harnessing a Nuclear Fission
4.12 Action Plans to Prevent
Reaction: How Nuclear Power
Future Global Catastrophes—
Plants Produce Electricity 235
Who and How? 158
6.3 What Is Radioactivity? 239
Conclusions 164
6.4 How Long Do Substances
Learning Outcomes 165 Remain Radioactive? 242
Questions 166
6.5 What Are the Risks of
Nuclear Power? 245
Chapter 5
6.6 Is There a Future for
Energy from Combustion 170 Nuclear Power? 249
5.1 Fossil Fuels: A Prehistoric 6.7 Solar Power: Electricity
Fill-Up at the Gas Station 172 from the Sun 252
5.2 Burn, Baby! Burn! The 6.8 S olar Energy: Electronic
Process of Combustion 174 “Pinball” Inside a Crystal 255
5.3 What Is “Energy”? 176 6.9 Beyond Solar: Electricity
5.4 How Hot Is “Hot”? from Other Renewable
Measuring Energy Changes 177 (Sustainable) Sources 261
5.5 Hyperactive Fuels: How
Conclusions 266
Is Energy Released
during Combustion? 182 Learning Outcomes 266
Questions 267
5.6 Fossil Fuels and Electricity 185
Contents ix
Chapter 7 8.13 Water Solutions for Global
Challenges 348
Energy Storage 270
Conclusions 352
7.1 How Does a Battery Work? 273
Learning Outcomes 352
7.2 Ohm, Sweet Ohm! 275
Questions 353
7.3 Batteries, Batteries
Everywhere! 277
Chapter 9
7.4 (Almost) Endless
Power-on-the-Go: The World of Polymers
Rechargeable Batteries 278 and Plastics 358
7.5 Lead–Acid: The World’s Most 9.1 Polymers Here, There, and
Widely Used (and Heaviest!) Everywhere 359
Rechargeable Battery 281 9.2 Polymers: Long, Long Chains 360
7.6 Vehicles Powered 9.3 Adding Up the Monomers 362
by Electricity 282
9.4 Got Polyethylene? 364
7.7 S torage Wars:
9.5 The “Big Six”: Theme and
Supercapacitors vs. Batteries 285
Variations 367
7.8 H igher MPGs with Less
9.6 Cross-Linking Monomers 373
Emissions: Gasoline-Electric
Hybrid Vehicles 287 9.7 From Proteins to Stockings:
Polyamides 377
7.9 Fuel Cells: The Basics 290
9.8 Dealing with Our Solid
7.10 Hydrogen for Fuel
Waste: The Four Rs 379
Cell Vehicles 294
9.9 Recycling Plastics:
7.11 My Battery Died—Now What? 298
The Bigger Picture 383
Conclusions 301 9.10 From Plants to Plastics 389
Learning Outcomes 301 9.11 A New “Normal”? 391
Questions 302 Conclusions 393
© Bignai/Shutterstock.com
Learning Outcomes 394
Chapter 8 Questions 394
Water Everywhere: A Most
Chapter 10
Precious Resource 306
8.1 Solids and Liquids and Brewing and Chewing 398
Gases, Oh My! 309 10.1 What’s in a Mouthful?
8.2 The Unique Composition The Science of Taste 400
of Water 310 10.2 How Does Smell Affect Taste? 401
8.3 The Key Role of 10.3 The Kitchen Laboratory 403
Hydrogen Bonding 313
10.4 The Science of Recipes 404
8.4 Where, Oh Where Is
10.5 K itchen Instrumentation:
All the Water? 316
Flames, Pans, and Water 406
8.5 Help! There Is Something
10.6 Cooking in a Vacuum:
in My Water 320
Not Just for Astronauts! 411
8.6 H ow Much Is OK?
10.7 Microwave Cooking:
Quantifying Water Quality 324
Fast and Easy 413
8.7 A Deeper Look at Solutes 327
10.8 Cooking with Chemistry:
8.8 C orrosive and Caustic: The No-Heat Food Preparation 414
Properties and Impacts
10.9 How Can I Tell When
of Acids and Bases 334
My Food Is Ready? 416
8.9 H eartburn? Tums® to
10.10 Exploiting the Three States of
the Rescue: Acid/Base
Matter in Our Kitchen 419
Neutralization! 338
10.11 The Baker’s and Brewer’s
8.10 Q uantifying Acidity/Basicity:
Friend: Fermentation 423
The pH Scale 340
10.12 From Moonshine to
8.11 Acid’s Effect on Water 341
Sophisticated Liqueurs:
8.12 Treating Our Water 345 Distillation 423