Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry

948 Pages·2021·92.05 MB·English

by  Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. Hansen

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TENTH FO R TO DAY
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GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7
NobleGases(18)VIIIA 2HeHelium4.003 10NeNeon20.18 18ArArgon39.95 36KrKrypton83.80 54XeXenon131.3 86RnRadon(222) 118OgOganesson(294) 71LuLutetium175.0 103LrLawrencium(262)
(17)VIIA 9FFluorine19.00 17ClChlorine35.45 35BrBromine79.90 53IIodine126.9 85AtAstatine(210) 117TsTennessine(294) 70YbYtterbium173.0 102NoNobelium(259)
m m
(16)VIA 8OOxygen16.00 16SSulfur32.06 34SeSelenium78.96 52TeTellurium127.6 84PoPolonium(209) 116LvLivermoriu(293) 69TmThulium168.9 101MdMendeleviu(258)
(15)VA 7NNitrogen14.01 15PPhosphorus30.97 33AsArsenic74.92 51SbAntimony121.8 83BiBismuth209.0 115McMoscovium(288) 68ErErbium167.3 100FmFermium(257)
(14)IVA 6CCarbon12.01 14SiSilicon28.09 32GeGermanium72.63 50SnTin118.7 82PbLead207.2 114FlFlerovium(289) 67HoHolmium164.9 99EsEinsteinium(252)
(13)IIIA 5BBoron10.81 13AlAluminum26.98 31GaGallium69.72 49InIndium114.8 81TlThallium204.4 113NhNihonium(284) 66DyDysprosium162.5 98CfCalifornium(251)
m
(12)IIB 30ZnZinc65.38 48CdCadmium112.4 80HgMercury200.6 112CnCoperniciu(285) 65TbTerbium158.9 97BkBerkelium(247)
m
(11)IB 29CuCopper63.55 47AgSilver107.9 79AuGold197.0 111Rgoentgeniu(280) 64GdGadolium157.3 96CmCurium(247)
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gases (10) 28NiNickel58.69 46PdPalladium106.4 78PtPlatinum195.1 110DsDarmstadtiu(281) 63EuEuropium152.0 95AmAmericium(243)
NTS ds als, noble (9)VIIIB 27CoCobalt58.93 45RhRhodium102.9 77IrIridium192.2 109MtMeitnerium(276) 62SmSamarium150.4 94PuPlutonium(244)
E ELEME Metals Metalloi Nonmet (8) 26FeIron55.85 44RuRuthenium101.1 76OsOsmium190.2 108HsHassium(277) 61PmPromethium(145) 93NpNeptunium(237)
TABLE OF TH Atomic numberSymbolNameAtomic weight(rounded to foursignificant figures) (6)(7)VIBVIIB 2425CrMnChromiumManganese52.0054.94 4243MoTcMolybdenumTechnetium95.96(98) 7475WReTungstenRhenium183.8186.2 106107SgBhSeaborgiumBohrium(271)(270) 5960PrNdPraseodymiumNeodymium140.9144.2 9192PaUUraniumProtactinium238.0231.0
IODIC Y 79AuGold197.0 (5)VB 23VVanadium50.94 41NbNiobium92.91 73TaTantalum180.9 105DbDubnium(268) 58CeCerium140.1 90ThThorium232.0
PER KE upgnation (4)IVB 22TiTitanium47.87 40ZrZirconium91.22 72HfHafnium178.5 104RfRutherfordium(265) 6 7
(1)IA 1H(2)HydrogenGroIIA1.008desi43LiBeLithiumBeryllium6.949.012 1112NaMg(3)SodiumMagnesiumIIIB22.9924.31 192021ScKCaPotassiumCalciumScandium39.1040.0844.96 373938RbSrYRubidiumStrontiumYttrium85.4787.6288.91 565755CsLaBaCesiumLanthanumBarium132.9138.9137.3 888987FrRaAcFranciumRadiumActinium(223)(226)(227) Mass numbers in parentheses are the most stable radioactive isotope.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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umbyste umbem
Group nIUPAC s Group nU.S. syst Periodnumber
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TENTH EDITION
Chemistry for Today
General, Organic,
and Biochemistry
Spencer L. Seager
Weber State University
Michael R. Slabaugh
University of South Dakota
Weber State University
Maren S. Hansen
University of South Dakota
Australia Brazil Canada Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States
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Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, Last three editions, as applicable: © 2018, © 2014, © 2011
and Biochemistry, 10th Edition
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Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh,
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This 10th edition is dedicated to the memory of Wayne Aprill, a high school science teacher who touched
the lives of everyone around him; students, family and many good friends.
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About the Authors
Spencer L. Seager
Spencer L. Seager retired from Weber State University in 2013 after serving for 52 years
as a chemistry department faculty member. He served as department chairman from
1969 until 1993. He taught general and physical chemistry at the university. He was also
active in projects designed to help improve chemistry and other science education in
local elementary schools. He received his B.S. in chemistry and Ph.D. in physical chem-
istry from the University of Utah.
Michael R. Slabaugh
Michael R. Slabaugh is an adjunct professor at the University of South Dakota and at
Weber State University, where he teaches the yearlong sequence of general chemistry,
organic chemistry, and biochemistry. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Pur-
due University and his Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from Iowa State University.
His interest in plant alkaloids led to a year of postdoctoral study in biochemistry at
Texas A&M University. His current professional interests are chemistry education and
community involvement in science activities, particularly the State Science and Engi-
neering Fair in Utah. He also enjoys the company of family, hiking in the mountains,
and fishing in local streams.
Maren S. Hansen
Maren S. Hansen has been a science teacher at West High School, where she taught
honors biology. She has also taught AP biology and biology in the International Bac-
calaureate Program. She received her B.A. and master of education degrees from Weber
State University. Her professional interests have focused upon helping students partici-
pate in Science Olympiad and Science Fair. Other interests include adventure travel,
mountain hiking, gardening, and the company of friends and family. She hopes to share
her love of science with her two children. She currently serves as an adjunct professor at
the University of South Dakota, where she teaches online courses in general chemistry,
elementary organic chemistry, and elementary biochemistry.
iv About the Authors
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Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 14
Matter, Measurements, and Calculations 2 Aldehydes and Ketones 446
Chapter 2 Chapter 15
Atoms and Molecules 46 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 478
Chapter 3 Chapter 16
Electronic Structure and the Periodic Law 70 Amines and Amides 510
Chapter 4 Chapter 17
Forces between Particles 96 Carbohydrates 546
Chapter 5 Chapter 18
Chemical Reactions 138 Lipids 582
Chapter 6 Chapter 19
The States of Matter 164 Proteins 614
Chapter 7 Chapter 20
Solutions and Colloids 198 Enzymes 646
Chapter 8 Chapter 21
Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 236 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 672
Chapter 9 Chapter 22
Acids, Bases, and Salts 260 Nutrition and Energy for Life 706
Chapter 10 Chapter 23
Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes 304 Carbohydrate Metabolism 736
Chapter 11 Chapter 24
Organic Compounds: Alkanes 330 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism 762
Chapter 12 Chapter 25
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 372 Body Fluids 792
Chapter 13
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 408
Brief Contents v
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Contents
Chapter 1 Concept Summary 64
Key Terms and Concepts 65
Matter, Measurements,
Exercises 65
and Calculations 2
Additional Exercises 68
1.1 What Is Matter? 3 Chemistry for Thought 68
environmental Career Focus 46
1.2 Properties and Changes 4
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 2.1 Uprooting Herbal
1.3 A Model of Matter 7
Myths 53
1.4 Classifying Matter 9
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 2.2 Take Care of Your
1.5 Measurement Units 13
Bones 54
1.6 The Metric System 13 STudy TOOLS 2.1 Help with Mole Calculations 63
1.7 Large and Small Numbers 19 environmental Career description 64
1.8 Significant Figures 23
Chapter 3
1.9 Using Units in Calculations 28
1.10 Calculating Percentages 30 electronic Structure and
1.11 Density 32
the Periodic Law 70
Concept Summary 36
Key Terms and Concepts 37 3.1 The Periodic Law and Table 71
Key Equations 37 3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms 73
Exercises 38 3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical Properties 76
Additional Exercises 44 3.4 Electronic Configurations 78
Chemistry for Thought 44 3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table 82
health Career Focus 2 3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Table 86
EnvironmEntal ConnECtions 1.1 A Central Concept Summary 91
Science 5 Key Terms and Concepts 92
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 1.1 Effects of Temperature on
Exercises 92
Body Functions 19
Additional Exercises 95
STudy TOOLS 1.1 Help with Calculations 32
Chemistry for Thought 95
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 1.2 Choose Wisely for Health
health Career Focus 70
Information 34
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 3.1 Watch the Salt 74
health Career description 35
STudy TOOLS 3.1 The Convention Hotels Analogy 81
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 3.2 Zinc for Colds? 85
Chapter 2
health Career description 91
Atoms and Molecules 46
Chapter 4
2.1 Symbols and Formulas 47
Forces between Particles 96
2.2 Inside the Atom 49
2.3 Isotopes 51
4.1 Noble Gas Configurations 97
2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules 52
4.2 Ionic Bonding 99
2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights 55
4.3 Ionic Compounds 101
2.6 Avogadro’s Number: The Mole 57
4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 104
2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas 61
4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds 106
vi Contents
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4.6 Covalent Bonding 107 Chapter 6
4.7 Polyatomic Ions 111
The States of Matter 164
4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions 114
4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules 118 6.1 Observed Properties of Matter 166
4.10 More about Naming Compounds 122 6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 168
4.11 Other Interparticle Forces 125 6.3 The Solid State 169
Concept Summary 130 6.4 The Liquid State 170
Key Terms and Concepts 131 6.5 The Gaseous State 170
Exercises 132 6.6 The Gas Laws 171
Additional Exercises 136 6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume
Relationships 174
Chemistry for Thought 136
6.8 The Ideal Gas Law 178
health Career Focus 96
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 4.1 Consider the 6.9 Dalton’s Law 180
Mediterranean Diet 103 6.10 Graham’s Law 181
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 4.2 Are All Iron Preparations 6.11 Changes in State 182
Created Equal? 119
6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 183
STudy TOOLS 4.1 Help with Polar and Nonpolar
6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point 184
Molecules 123
6.14 Sublimation and Melting 185
EnvironmEntal ConnECtions 4.1 Ozone: Good
Up High, Bad Nearby 127 6.15 Energy and the States of Matter 186
health Career description 130 Concept Summary 190
Key Terms and Concepts 192
Chapter 5
Key Equations 192
Chemical Reactions 138 Exercises 193
Additional Exercises 197
5.1 Chemical Equations 139
Chemistry for Thought 197
5.2 Types of Reactions 141
environmental Career Focus 164
5.3 Redox Reactions 141
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 6.1 Get an Accurate Blood
5.4 Decomposition Reactions 145 Pressure Reading 174
5.5 Combination Reactions 146 heALTh COnneCTiOnS 6.2 Therapeutic Uses of
5.6 Replacement Reactions 146 Oxygen Gas 187
STudy TOOLS 6.1 Which Gas Law to Use 189
5.7 Ionic Equations 148
environmental Career description 190
5.8 Energy and Reactions 150
5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations 150
Chapter 7
5.10 The Limiting Reactant 153
5.11 Reaction Yields 155 Solutions and Colloids 198
Concept Summary 157
7.1 Physical States of Solutions 199
Key Terms and Concepts 158
7.2 Solubility 200
Key Equations 158
7.3 The Solution Process 204
Exercises 159
7.4 Solution Concentrations 208
Additional Exercises 163
7.5 Solution Preparation 212
Chemistry for Thought 163
7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 216
health Career Focus 138
7.7 Solution Properties 218
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 5.1 Add Color to Your Diet 150
heALTh COnneCTiOnS 5.2 Teeth Whitening 152 7.8 Colloids 223
STudy TOOLS 5.1 Help with Oxidation Numbers 156 7.9 Dialysis 226
health Career description 157 Concept Summary 228
Contents vii
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