Chemistry for the IB Diploma study and revision guide

299 Pages·2017·32.027 MB·English

by  Harwood, Richard;Talbot, Christopher

FOR THE
IB DIPLOMA
Chemistry
Study and Revision Guide
Christopher Talbot
Richard Harwood
899713_FM_IBDip Chem_RG_i-viii.indd 1 09/05/17 8:17 pm
Acknowledgements
We thank the following for their invaluable advice on the content of selected
chapters: Professor Norman Billingham, University of Sussex, Professor Jon Owen,
University of Southampton, Professor David Jenkins, University of York, Gordon
Wood, Dr. David Fairley, Overseas Family School, Singapore, Professor Stanley Furrow,
Pennsylvania State University, Professor Philip Walker, University of Surrey, Dr. David
Cooper, University of Liverpool, Professor Laurence Harwood, University of Reading,
Professor Mike Williamson, University of Sheffield and Dr. Jon Cooper, University
College, London.
Photo credits:
p.130 all © Richard Harwood
The Options and answers are free online at www.hoddereducation.com/IBextras
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently
overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first
opportunity.
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© Christopher Talbot and Richard Harwood 2017
First published in 2017 by
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Printed in Spain
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 9781471899713
899713_FM_IBDip Chem_RG_i-viii.indd 2 22/05/17 3:22 pm
Contents
How to use this revision guide vi
Getting to know Papers 1, 2 and 3 vi
Assessment objectives vii
Countdown to the exams viii
Topic 1 Stoichiometric relationships 1
n 1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter and chemical change 1
n 1.2 The mole concept 6
n 1.3 Reacting masses and volumes 10
n 1.4 Gases 14
Topic 2 Atomic structure 19
n 2.1 The nuclear atom 19
n 2.2 Electron configuration 23
Topic 3 Periodicity 32
n 3.1 Periodic table 32
n 3.2 Periodic trends 34
Topic 4 Chemical bonding and structure 44
n 4.1 Ionic bonding and structure 44
n 4.2 Covalent bonding 49
n 4.3 Covalent structures 54
n 4.4 Intermolecular forces 60
n 4.5 Metallic bonding 62
Topic 5 Energetics/thermochemistry 66
n 5.1 Measuring energy changes 66
n 5.2 Hess’s law 71
n 5.3 Bond enthalpies 76
Topic 6 Chemical kinetics 79
n 6.1 Collision theory and rates of reaction 79
Topic 7 Equilibrium 90
n 7.1 Equilibrium 90
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iv Contents
Topic 8 Acids and bases 99
n 8.1 Theories of acids and bases 99
n 8.2 Properties of acids and bases 102
n 8.3 The pH scale 103
n 8.4 Strong and weak acids and bases 105
n 8.5 Acid deposition 108
Topic 9 Redox processes 112
n 9.1 Oxidation and reduction 112
n 9.2 Electrochemical cells 122
Topic 10 Organic chemistry 127
n 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry 127
n 10.2 Functional group chemistry 134
Topic 11 Measurement, data processing and analysis 144
n 11.1 Uncertainties and errors in measurements and results 144
n 11.2 Graphical techniques 151
n 11.3 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds 154
Topic 12 Electrons in atoms 164
n 12.1 Electrons in atoms 164
Topic 13 The periodic table – the transition metals 171
n 13.1 First-row d-block elements 171
n 13.2 Coloured complexes 176
Topic 14 Chemical bonding and structure 186
n 14.1 Further aspects of covalent bonding and structure 186
n 14.2 Hybridization 190
Topic 15 Energetics/thermochemistry 198
n 15.1 Energy cycles 198
n 15.2 Entropy and spontaneity 202
Topic 16 Chemical kinetics 214
n 16.1 Rate expression and reaction mechanism 214
n 16.2 Activation energy 225
Topic 17 Equilibrium 227
n 17.1 The equilibrium law 227
Topic 18 Acids and bases 236
n 18.1 Lewis acids and bases 236
n 18.2 Calculations involving acids and bases 238
n 18.3 pH curves 244
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Contents v
Topic 19 Redox processes 252
n 19.1 Electrochemical cells 252
Topic 20 Organic chemistry 264
n 20.1 Types of organic reactions 264
n 20.2 Synthetic routes 270
n 20.3 Stereoisomerism 273
Topic 21 Measurement and analysis 281
n 21.1 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds 281
Option chapters and answers
Option chapters and answers appear on the website accompanying this book:
www.hoddereducation.com/IBextras
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How to use this revision guide
Welcome to the Chemistry for the IB Diploma Revision Guide!
This book will help you plan your revision and work through it in a
methodological way. The guide follows the Chemistry syllabus topic by topic, with
revision and practice questions to help you check your understanding.
n■Features to help you succeed
Expert tip Common mistake
Key definitions
These tips give advice that will help These identify typical mistakes that The definitions of essential key
you boost your final grade. candidates make and explain how terms are provided on the page
you can avoid them.
where they appear. These are words
n QUICK CHECK QUESTIONS that will help you have a clear
Worked example
understanding of important ideas. A
Use these questions provided
Some parts of the course require comprehensive glossary of chemical
throughout each section to make
you to carry out mathematical terms should be downloaded from
sure you have understood a topic.
calculations, plot graphs, and so on: the Hodder Plus website:
They are short knowledge-based
these examples show you how. https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/
questions that use information
ibextras/chemistryfortheib
directly from the text.
You can keep track of your revision by ticking off each topic heading in the book.
Tick each box when you have:
n revised and understood a topic
n tested yourself using the Quick check questions.
Online material can be found on the website accompanying this book
www.hoddereducation.com/IBextras/
Online material included:
n option chapters
n answers to Quick check questions
n glossary
Use this book as the cornerstone of your revision. Don’t hesitate to write in it and
personalize your notes. Use a highlighter to identify areas that need further work. You
may find it helpful to add your own notes as you work through each topic. Good luck!
Getting to know Papers 1, 2 and 3
At the end of your two year IB Chemistry course you will sit three papers – Papers
1, 2 and 3. Paper 1 is worth 20% of the final marks, Paper 2 is worth 36% of the
final marks and Paper 3 is worth 20% of the final marks.
The other assessed part of the course (24%) is made up of the Internal Assessment
(practical work), which is marked by your teacher and then moderated by the IBO.
Here is some general advice for the exams:
n Make sure you have learnt the command terms (e.g. evaluate, explain and
outline): there is a tendency to focus on the content in the question rather
than the command term, but if you do not address what the command term is
asking of you then you will not be awarded marks.
n Answer all questions and do not leave gaps.
n Do not write outside the answer boxes provided – if you do so this work will
not be marked.
n If you run out of room on the page, use continuation sheets and indicate clearly
that you have done this on the cover sheet. The fact that the question continues
on another sheet of paper needs to be clearly indicated in the text box provided.
n Plan your time carefully before the exams – this is especially important for
Papers 2 and 3.
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How to use this revision guide vii
n■Paper 1
Paper 1 consists of multiple choice questions with four responses. There is no
reading time for these papers. HL Paper 1 has 40 questions (15 in common with
SL) to be answered in one hour. The SL Paper 1 has 30 questions (15 in common
with HL) to be answered in 45 minutes. There is no data booklet provided but a
periodic table is printed at the front of the papers. A calculator is not allowed for
Paper 1.
n■Paper 2
The HL paper 2 has a maximum of 95 marks and lasts 2 hours and 15 minutes.
The SL paper 2 has a maximum of 50 marks and lasts 1 hour and 15 minutes. A
data booklet is provided and a calculator is allowed. There is five minutes reading
time for the papers. There are a variety of types of questions in three sections.
n■Paper 3
The SL and HL Paper 3 both have a maximum of 45 marks and each lasts 1 hour
and 15 minutes. A calculator is needed and a data booklet is provided. There is
five minutes reading time for the papers. Paper 3 has a compulsory Section A and
Section B, where one Option question is answered.
Assessment objectives
To successfully complete the course, you need to have achieved the following
objectives:
1 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
n facts, concepts and terminology
n methodologies and techniques
n methods of communicating scientific information.
2 Formulate, analyse and evaluate:
n hypotheses, research questions and predictions
n methodologies and techniques
n primary and secondary data
n scientific explanations.
3 Demonstrate the appropriate research, experimental and personal skills
necessary to carry out insightful and ethical investigations.
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viii How to use this revision guide
Countdown to the exams
4-8 weeks to go My exams
n■ Start by looking at the syllabus and make sure you know exactly
Chemistry Paper 1
what you need to revise.
n■ Look carefully at the checklist in this book and use it to help organize Date:……………………………..
your class notes and to make sure you have covered everything.
n■ Work out a realistic revision plan that breaks down the material Time:……………………………..
you need to revise into manageable pieces. Each session should be
Location:………………………...
around 25–40 minutes with breaks in between. The plan should
include time for relaxation.
n■ Read through the relevant sections of this book and refer to the Chemistry Paper 2
expert tips, common mistakes, key definitions and worked examples.
Date:……………………………..
n■ Tick off the topics that you feel confident about, and highlight the
ones that need further work.
Time:……………………………..
n■ Look at past papers. They are one of the best ways to check
knowledge and practise exam skills. They will help you identify areas Location:………………………...
that need further work.
n■ Try different revision methods, e.g. summary notes, mind maps, flash
Chemistry Paper 3
cards.
n■ Test your understanding of each topic by working through the ‘Quick Date:……………………………..
check’ questions provided in each chapter. Also work through past
exam papers. Time:……………………………..
n■ Make notes of any problem areas as you revise, and ask a teacher to
Location:………………………...
go over them in class.
One week to go
n■ Aim to fit in at least one more timed practice of entire past papers,
comparing your work closely with the mark scheme.
n■ Examine the checklist carefully to make sure you haven’t missed any
of the topics.
n■ Tackle any final problems by getting help from your teacher or
talking them over with a friend.
The day before the examination
n■ Look through this book one final time. Look carefully through the
information about Papers 1, 2 and 3 to remind yourself what to
expect in the different papers.
n■ Check the time and place of the exams.
n■ Make sure you have all the equipment you need (e.g. extra pens, a
watch, tissues). Make sure you have a calculator – this is needed in
both papers.
n■ Allow some time to relax and have an early night so you are
refreshed and ready for the exams.
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