Chemistry For Kids : A Complete Chemistry Guide For Beginners Practical Guide To Chemistry Science Fair Periodic Table Chemical Bonds

28 Pages·2019·0.357 MB·English

by  Alice McGraw Hill

CHEMISTRY FOR KIDS

A COMPLETE CHEMISTRY GUIDE
FOR BEGINNERS

Table of Contents

Introduction
Chapter 1: Chemistry Matters
Chapter 2: Basic Elements to Learn
Chapter 3: Understanding Elements and its Atomic Structure
Chapter 4: Understanding Molecules and Its Formula
Chapter 5: Understanding and Creating Your Own Formula
Conclusion
Introduction

Thank you for downloading this book Chemistry for Kids - A Complete
Chemistry Guide for Beginners.
Many think that Chemistry is a tough subject to learn. But, the truth is, we
know a lot about it. We apply Chemistry to everything. In fact, human beings
are a result of chemical activity.
We understand how Chemistry works instinctively. However, many of us
find it difficult to understand and express it in figures.
This book introduces Chemistry in a simple way for beginners or young
students to understand. It shows the different principles of Chemistry using
things that we encounter every day.
Also, it encourages many beginners to appreciate the science, instead of
being intimidated by it.
I hope that you would learn many things and find Chemistry to be fun
through this book.
Again, thanks for downloading this book, I hope you enjoy it!
Chapter 1: Chemistry Matters

Chemistry and Its Uses

Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes. You may find lengthier
definitions in other books, but it is basically the study of atoms as it changes
to become matter.
Chemistry breaks down matter into elements and determines its composition.
It aims to make us understand the established changes and the potential
changes that a matter may undergo.
But, why must we understand all these?
The answer is simple. Everything around us is made of matter and everything
is bound to change. The reaction to change by a certain matter can be useful
or harmful to another matter. Chemistry helps us categorize and control
which reaction can become beneficial or harmful.
Thanks to Chemistry, we can develop medicine to cure sickness. We could
develop technologies, and produce a variety of products.

Matter

Before starting with Chemistry, one should first understand what matter is, its
states and its parts.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. This includes even the
objects that have no weight, such as air, light and gases.
It usually comes in four states. These are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Matters in the solid state are those that take definite shapes and volume.
Examples of these are wood, stone, and sand.
Those in liquid state have definite volume, but do not have definite shapes.
They only follow the shape of their container. Examples of these are water
and oil.
Gas objects are those that have no definite shape and volume. They could not
be contained, unless they are compressed. Air and helium are only a few
objects in gas form.
The plasma state does not exist in Earth, but in outer space. However, some
scientists create artificial objects in this state. Examples of objects in plasma
state are lightning and neon lights.

Elements and Compounds

Matter may be composed of a single element or a combination of elements.
An element is the smallest unit of matter, which could no longer be divided.
Examples of elements are gold, silver, and oxygen.
As of today, scientists have discovered about 118 different elements. Earth
produces or houses 98 of these elements. The scientist, Dmitri Mendeleev,
started listing these elements in a periodic table.
A compound is composed of two or more elements. These elements are
bonded together chemically, to create another matter.
Water is one of the basic examples of a compound. Two elements, hydrogen
and oxygen, are bonded together to create water.
Understanding elements and compounds are essential in Chemistry because
changes can occur due to their existence.

Atoms and Molecules

Matter is also made up of uniform or combined atoms. An atom is the
smallest unit that creates an element. It has three parts - the protons, the
electrons and the neutrons. An element changes in form when the number
of its protons and electrons are changed.
A group of atoms is called a molecule. The number of molecules in an
element controls the volume of matter.

Changes in Matter

Matter can change into different forms when its parts are broken apart or
rearranged. This could happen in two ways - by physical change, or by
chemical change or reaction.
A physical change occurs when an object changes only in size or
appearance, but the arrangements and composition of atoms remain the same.
Examples of these are melted ice, crushed solid foods or broken bottles.
A chemical change or reaction occurs when an object loses its original
appearance and the composition of its atoms. Chemical change results to a
new compound or matter.
A good example of chemical change is burning of wood. The wood loses its
appearance as it turns into ash, a different object from the wood.

Below are some experiments that will help you identify physical change or
chemical change.

Experiment 1: Dissolving Salt in Water versus Dissolving Sugar in
Water

Requirements:
5g sea salt
50ml water at room temperature
5g refined sugar
50 ml water at room temperature
2 beakers

Instructions:

1. Mix sea salt and water until the salt is dissolved.
2. Mix sugar and water until the sugar is dissolved.
3. Cover the two beakers and leave for at least an hour.
4. Observe.

Possible outcome:

1. You will not see any salt grain in your beaker.
2. You will see sugar grains settled at the bottom of your beaker.
Question:

Which of the two experiment resulted i a chemical change or a physical
change?

Answer and explanation:

1. The salt underwent a chemical change.

When you dissolve salt in the water, the sodium, which is an ionic
element, develops a chemical reaction with water. Thus, it breaks away
from chlorine and combines with the elements of water.

As a rule, a chemical reaction results when ionic compounds are mixed
with water. The same result will happen when you use magnesium
chloride or calcium chloride.

2. The sugar underwent a physical change.
Sugar is made of covalent elements. When it is mixed with water,
which is an ionic compound, the particles would appear dissolved. But,
the truth is, the particles only spread out.

After the water becomes stable, the particles would gather at the
bottom of the glass or beaker.

Experiment 2: Boiling Salt in Water versus Boiling Sugar in Water

Requirements:
15g sea salt
15ml water at room temperature
15g refined sugar
15 ml water at room temperature
2 Erlenmeyer flask or beaker
2 petri dishes
Black construction paper
Hot plate
Black paper

Instruction:

1. Dissolve the salt in water and transfer to a flask.
2. Boil the solution in the hot plate while stirring constantly. Continue
until the water is reduced to almost none.
3. Cover a petri dish with a construction paper. Transfer the mixture in
the flask to a petri dish.
4. Set aside for a few hours.
5. Place the sugar and water in a flask.
6. Boil the solution in the hot plate while stirring constantly. Stir until the
sugar caramelizes.
7. Cover a petri dish with a construction paper. Transfer the mixture to
the petri dish.
8. Set aside for a few hours.
9. Observe.

Possible outcome:

1. The paper will separate the salt from the remaining liquid.
2. The caramel will not pass through the paper.

Question:

Which of the two experiment resulted in a chemical change or a
physical change?

Answer and Explanation:

1. The salt underwent physical change only. As the water boils, it
undergoes oxidation. The water changes into its gas form.