Chemistry contexts.

377 Pages·2006·22.456 MB·English

by  Irwin, Debbie, Farrelly, Ross, Garnett, Patrick

Debbie Irwin
Ross Farrelly
Patrick Garnett
Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and
associated companies around the world
Pearson Education Australia
A division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd
Level 9, 5 Queens Road
Melbourne 3004 Australia
www.pearsoned.com.au/schools

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First published 2007
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Cataloguing-in-Publication data
Irwin, Debbie.
Chemistry contexts. 1.
2nd ed.
Includes index.
For secondary students.
10 ISBN 0 7339 7660 3
13 ISBN 978 0 7339 7660 5
1. Chemistry. 2. Chemistry – Problems, exercises, etc.
3. Chemistry – Study and teaching. I. Farrelly, Ross. II. Title.
540
Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. However, should any infringement have occurred, the publishers tender their
apologies and invite copyright holders to contact them.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce photographs, texts and illustrations. The following
abbreviations are used in this list: t = top,
b = bottom, l = left, r = right, c = centre.
Airliquide: p. 307l.
Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd, The: p. 102t.
Australian Bureau of Meteorology: Ian Forrest, p. 333.
Australian Picture Library: pp. 42b, 65b.
Bank of Greece: p. 41.
Coo-ee Picture Library: pp. 107, 110bl.
Farrelly, Ross: p. 324.
Fermilab: p. 42t.
Heffernan, David: p. 16.
Herald & Weekly Times: p. 316b.
Jupiterimages Corporation: © 2006 Jupiterimages Corporation, pp. 110l, 318
Kho, Devin: Photo courtesy by Devin Kho <www.devinkho.com>, p. 103br.
Mount Isa Mines: pp. 116tl, 116br.
Museum Victoria: Source Museum Victoria, photographer Frank Coffa, p. 11.
NASA: pp. 7, 103t.
Natural History Museum Picture Library: p. 281t.
News Limited: Andrew Batsch, p. 316t.
Normandy Group: p. 116tr.
Parker, Brian: pp. 14, 326br.
Pearson Education Australia: Tricia Confoy, pp. 35t, 35b, 72, 102b, 109, 110r, 110br, 128, 195, 221, 279, 307r, 325, 326tl;
Kim Gomes, p. 267.
Photolibrary: pp. 2, 17b, 18b, 18c, 20, 22, 23, 30, 33, 36t, 36b, 65t, 71, 81l, 81r, 83l, 83c, 83r, 104b, 111, 116bl, 126, 127l,
127r, 129, 142, 143, 144, 145, 194, 198, 203, 222tr, 222b, 239, 263, 270, 281b, 304, 332l, 332r, 336l, 336r.
Qantas Airways Limited: p. 106l.
Rio Tinto Limited: p. 17t.
Simsmetal: p. 120.
Spithill, Arthur: p. 4.
Sydney Water Corporation: p. 18t.
University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge: p. 102c.
Woodside Energy Ltd: Courtesy of Woodside Energy Ltd, p. 283.
Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. However, should any infringement have occurred, the
publishers tender their apologies and invite the copyright owners to contact them.
iii
Contents MoDULe 2
MetALs
Introduction vi
Chapter 6 the extraCtion and uses
How to use this book viii
of metals
Outcomes x
6.1 The historical use of metals 101
Table of relative atomic masses 1
6.2 Contemporary uses of metals 104
MoDULe 1
6.3 Alloys 107
tHe CHeMICAL eARtH 6.4 Minerals and ores 111
Chapter 1 the earth: a mixture of 6.5 The extraction of metals from their ores 115
ChemiCals 6.6 Factors affecting the use of metals 118
1.1 The scope of chemistry 3 6.7 Recycling of metals 120
1.2 States and properties of matter: the kinetic theory 5 Key points 123
1.3 Classification of matter 8 Application and investigation 124
1.4 Chemicals of the Earth 10 Chapter 7 ChemiCal reaCtions of metals
1.5 Useful mixtures 14 7.1 Reactions of metals with oxygen 126
1.6 Separation of mixtures 15 7.2 Reactions of metals with water 129
1.7 Chemical analysis 22 7.3 Reactions of metals with acids 130
Key points 25 7.4 The activity series and ionisation energy 132
Application and investigation 27 7.5 Oxidation–reduction reactions 133
Chapter 2 elements of the earth 7.6 Metals for different purposes 136
2.1 Abundance of elements on Earth 29 Key points 138
2.2 Formulae of elements 31 Application and investigation 139
2.3 Reactivity of elements 33 Chapter 8 the periodiC table
2.4 Metals, non-metals and semi-metals 34 8.1 Development of the periodic table 142
Key points 38 8.2 The modern periodic table 148
Application and investigation 39 8.3 Trends in the periodic table 152
Chapter 3 atoms Combine to form Key points 157
Compounds Application and investigation 158
3.1 Atomic theory 41 Chapter 9 measuring the amounts of
3.2 The arrangement of electrons in atoms 46 substanCes: the mole
3.3 Ions 47 9.1 Relative atomic mass 162
3.4 Electron dot diagrams 50 9.2 Relative molecular and formula mass 165
3.5 Chemical formulae and naming of compounds 54 9.3 Avogadro’s number and the mole 166
Key points 59 9.4 Moles and numbers of particles 168
Application and investigation 60 9.5 Moles and mass 169
Chapter 4 ChemiCal Change 9.6 Percentage composition 171
4.1 Physical and chemical changes 64 9.7 Empirical and molecular formulas 172
4.2 Chemical equations 67 9.8 Gay-Lussac’s law and Avogadro’s hypothesis 174
4.3 Balancing chemical equations 69 9.9 Chemical equations and reacting masses 177
4.4 Decomposition of compounds 70 9.10 Limiting reagents and theoretical yields 180
4.5 Synthesis of chemical substances 73 Key points 186
4.6 Bond energy 75 Application and investigation 187
Key points 77 MoDULe 2 ReVIeW 191
Application and investigation 78
Chapter 5 bonding and struCture
determine properties
5.1 Physical and chemical properties of matter 81
5.2 Comparison of properties of compounds and their
constituent elements 82
5.3 Structure and bonding in substances 84
Key points 92
Application and investigation 94
MoDULe 1 ReVIeW 98
iviv
MoDULe 3 MoDULe 4
WAteR eneRGY
Chapter 10 Water on earth Chapter 15 some Compounds are important
10.1 The distribution of water on Earth 195 sourCes of energy
10.2 Solutions 197 15.1 The production of carbohydrates by plants 279
10.3 The importance of water in Earth processes 199 15.2 Fossil fuels 280
10.4 Water density 202 15.3 The origin of fossil fuels 281
Key points 204 Key points 284
Application and investigation 204 Application and investigation 284
Chapter 11 the moleCular struCture of Chapter 16 the variety of Carbon
Water and hydrogen bonding Compounds
11.1 The shapes of simple molecules 207 16.1 Carbon chemistry 286
11.2 Polarity of bonds and molecules 209 16.2 Allotropes of carbon 288
11.3 Forces between molecules 215 16.3 Bonding in carbon compounds 290
11.4 Properties of water 221 16.4 Representing the structures of carbon compounds 295
Key points 225 Key points 297
Application and investigation 226 Application and investigation 298
Chapter 12 Water as a solvent Chapter 17 hydroCarbons
12.1 The solution process 229 17.1 Defining hydrocarbons 299
12.2 Relating solubility to structure 231 17.2 Naming hydrocarbons 301
Key points 237 17.3 Separation of petroleum (crude oil) 304
Application and investigation 238 17.4 Physical properties of hydrocarbons 308
17.5 Evaporation, vapour pressure and boiling 311
Chapter 13 soluble and insoluble salts
17.6 The safe handling of hydrocarbons 315
13.1 Solubility rules for ionic substances 239
Key points 320
13.2 Reversible reactions and equilibrium systems 243
Application and investigation 321
13.3 Concentrations of solutions 248
13.4 Dilutions 253 Chapter 18 Combustion of hydroCarbons
13.5 Calculations from chemical equations involving 18.1 Combustion reactions 324
solutions 255 18.2 Energy changes in chemical reactions 327
Key points 257 18.3 Pollution caused by burning fossil fuels 329
Application and investigation 258 Key points 334
Application and investigation 335
Chapter 14 the heat CapaCity of Water
14.1 Specific heat capacity 261 Chapter 19 rates of ChemiCal reaCtions
14.2 Energy changes in chemical reactions 263 19.1 Chemical reactions occur at different rates 336
14.3 Heat of solution and reaction 265 19.2 Factors affecting the rate of reactions 337
14.4 Thermal pollution 270 19.3 Collision theory and activation energy 341
Key points 272 19.4 Applying collision theory 346
Application and investigation 273 Key points 354
Application and investigation 355
MoDULe 3 ReVIeW 275
MoDULe 4 ReVIeW 358
Index 361
vv
Contexts
SeConD eDItIon
Preliminary
Chemistry Contexts second edition is a two-book series that has been specifically written for the NSW
Stage 6 Chemistry course. Book 1 covers the Preliminary course. The material presents Chemistry in
context, addressing the majority of the outcomes of the syllabus and preparing students
for the HSC examination.
CHeMIstRY Contexts 1 seConD eDItIon CoURsebook
Our aim has been to present Chemistry as an
exciting, relevant and accessible discipline. We have
structured the books to allow students easy access
to information, regular opportunities to review key
concepts, and practice at exam-style questions.
The coursebook consists of chapters with the
following features:
• engaging colour photos and illustrations
• student-centred approach
• chemistry presented through varied contexts
to engage and stimulate students The coursebook includes an interactive
• Prescribed Focus Areas integrated throughout student CD containing:
the texts
• solutions manual
• Key Points summary
• link to the live Companion Website.
• chapter review called ‘Application and
Investigation’ with problem-solving questions,
investigation activities and skills-based questions
• Module Review that develops essential HSC
exam skills.
vi
CHeMIstRY Contexts 1 seConD eDItIon CoMPAnIon WebsIte
www.pearsoned.com.au/schools/secondary
QuickTime
The Companion Website contains a wealth of support video
material for students and teachers that has been
written to enhance teaching and learning:
• Review Questions: auto-correcting multiple-choice
for exam revision
• Web Destinations: a list of reviewed websites that
support further investigation and revision
• Interactive animations to engage students in
exploring concepts and reinforcing key ideas
• QuickTime videos to explore chemical concepts in
a visually stimulating way
• 3D Molecule Gallery: for viewing and
manipulating molecular structures
Interactive animation
• Teacher’s Resource Centre: password-protected
part of the site containing the teacher’s resources
found in the Teacher’s Resource Pack.
CHeMIstRY Contexts 1 seConD eDItIon teACHeR’s ResoURCe PACk
The Teacher’s Resource Pack
consists of a CD with printout. All
documents are available as:
• PDFs to make printing easy
• editable MS Word documents
that allow you to modify and
adapt any resources to meet
your needs.
The Teacher’s Resource Pack
provides a wealth of teacher
support material including:
• lab manual
• fully worked solutions to
coursebook questions
• worksheets and answers
• teacher demos
• risk assessments for practical
activities
• teaching program.
For more information on the Chemistry Contexts series,
www.pearsoned.com.au/schools
visit
vii
How to use this book
Chemistry Contexts 1 second edition has been specifically written for the NSW Stage 6
Chemistry course. The material presents Chemistry in context, addressing the majority
of the outcomes of the syllabus and preparing students for the HSC examination.
We have structured the
books to allow students
easy access to information,
regular opportunities to
review key concepts, and
practice at exam-style
questions.
To do this, modules
are broken down into
chapters, which are divided
into units that present
comprehensive information
in manageable-sized
portions.
The content is written in
a very student-friendly
style, with larger diagrams
for clear explanations.
This, along with extensive
use of photographs and
illustrations, makes
Chemistry come alive for
students of all abilities.
This new edition has
added Chemistry Context
boxes, which provide
students with insights into
the history of chemistry,
the nature and practice
of chemistry, and the
applications and uses
of science.
viii
To help students consolidate knowledge and to encourage independent
learning, each chapter ends with a comprehensive review featuring:
• Application and Investigation with problem- • Key Points summary
solving questions, investigation activities,
and skills-based questions.
CHeMIstRY Contexts 1 seConD eDItIon
stUDent CD
The Chemistry Contexts 1 second edition Student CD
is a comprehensive resource that will allow students to
review their own work and revise key concepts, as well
as provide an opportunity for accelerated learning.
The Student CD included with this book contains:
• answers to all questions in the text (except
investigation questions). Answers include
explanations and fully worked solutions
• an electronic version of the coursebook
• link to the live companion website.
THe CHemISTry
CoNTexTS 1 SeCoNd
edITIoN PaCkage
Don’t forget the other Chemistry
Each module ends with a Module
Contexts 1 second edition components
Review to provide practice at HSC
that will help engage students in learning
exam-style questions.
in chemistry:
• Chemistry Contexts 1 second edition
Companion Website
• Chemistry Contexts 1 second
edition Teacher’s Resource
Pack (CD and printout)
ix
Chemistry Contexts 1 and stage 6 Chemistry preliminary Course outComes
OBJECTIVES PRELIMINARY COURSE MODULE 1 MODULE MODULE 3 MODULE 4
OUTCOMES 2
Students develop A student:
knowledge and
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
understanding of:
1 the history of P1 outlines the historical
A chemistry development of major principles, • • • • •
E concepts and ideas in chemistry
R
A
2 the nature and P2 applies the processes that are
S • • • • • • • • • • •
U practice of used to test and validate models,
C chemistry theories and laws of science with
O
F particular emphasis on first-hand ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
D investigations in chemistry
E
B 3 applications P3 assesses the impact of particular
I
R and uses of technological advances on • • • • • • •
C
chemistry understanding in chemistry
S
E
R 4 implications for P4 describes applications of
P
society and the chemistry which affect society or the • • • • • • • • • • • •
environment environment
5 current issues, P5 describes the scientific principles
research and employed in particular areas of • • • • •
developments research in chemistry
6 atomic structure P6 explains trends and relationships
and periodic between elements in terms of atomic • • • • •
D G table structure and bonding
: NN
NAI 7 energy P7 describes chemical changes in
AIE ND terms of energy inputs and outputs • • • • • • •
MGA
ODT 8 chemical P8 describes factors that influence
DES • • • • • • •
LR reactions the type of rate of chemical reactions
WE
OD 9 carbon chemistry P9 relates the uses of carbon to the
NN • • • •
KU unique nature of carbon chemistry
10 stoichiometry P10 applies simple stoichiometric
• • • • • • • • • •
relationships
11 planning P11 identifies the need for, drafts
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
investigations and improves investigation plans
12 conducting P12 discusses the validity and •
investigations reliability of data gathered from first-
hand investigations and secondary
S sources ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
L
L
KI 13 communicating P13 identifies appropriate •
S information and terminology and reporting styles
N: understanding to communicate information and ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
I understanding
A
M
14 developing P14 draws valid conclusions from • • • • • • • • • • • •
O
D scientific gathered data and information
thinking and ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
problem-solving
15 working P15 implements strategies to work
individually and effectively as an individual or as a ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
in teams member of a team
Note: the objectives and outcomes above are taken directly from the Stage 6 ✓ Outcomes addressed through practicals in Chemistry Contexts 1 Laboratory
Chemistry Syllabus pages 16 and 17 © Board of Studies NSW 2002. Manual.
x