Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides PDF
Preview Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
Chemistry, Biochemistry, β and Biology of (1→ 3)- -Glucans and Related Polysaccharides This page intentionally left blank Chemistry, Biochemistry, β and Biology of (1→ 3)- -Glucans and Related Polysaccharides Edited by Antony Bacic Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Australia Geoffrey B. Fincher Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Australia Bruce A. Stone Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BY, UK 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710, USA First edition 2009 Copyright © 2009, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone ( (cid:2) 44) (0) 1865 843830; fax ((cid:2) 44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@ elsevier.com . Alternatively visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com /rights for further information. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verifi cation of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN : 978-0-12-373971-1 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Typeset by Macmillan Publishing Solutions www.macmillansolutions.com Printed and bound in the USA 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents In Memoriam .....................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ xiii Contributors ......................................................................................................xv 1 . Introduction and Historical Background ........................................................................1 Adrienne E. Clarke 2 . CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICO-CHEMISTRY 2 .1 Chemistry of β -Glucans ........................................................................................5 Bruce A. Stone 2 .2 Physico-chemistry of (1,3)- β -Glucans ..................................................................47 Michael J. Gidley and Katsuyoshi Nishinari 3 . BIOCHEMISTRY 3 .1 Plant and Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Depolymerization of (1,3)-β -D -Glucans and Related Polysaccharides ...............................................119 Maria Hrmova and Geoffrey B. Fincher 3 .2 Interactions between Proteins and (1,3)- β -Glucans and Related Polysaccharides .............................................................................171 D . Wade Abbott and Alisdair B. Boraston 3 .3 Biosynthetic Enzymes 3 .3.1 Enzymology and Molecular Genetics of Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)- β -Glucans: Prokaryotes ...............................................201 Vilma A. Stanisich and Bruce A. Stone 3.3.2 Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)- β -Glucans and (1,3;1,6)- β -Glucans in Protozoans and Chromistans: Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Biology ...................................................233 Vincent Bulone 3 .3.3 Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-3)-β -Glucans, (1-3;1-6)- β -Glucans from Yeasts: Biochemical Properties and Molecular Biology ..................................................................................259 Satoru Nogami and Yoshikazu Ohya v vi Contents 3 .3.4 Biochemical and Molecular Properties of Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)-β -Glucans in Embryophytes, Chlorophytes and Rhodophytes ................................................................283 Lynette Brownfi eld, Monika Doblin, Geoffrey B. Fincher and Antony Bacic 4 . BIOLOGY 4 .1 Functional Roles of (1,3)- β -Glucans and Related Polysaccharides: Prokaryotes ............................................................................327 Vilma A. Stanisich and Bruce A. Stone 4 .2 Biology of (1,3)- β -Glucans and Related Glucans in Protozoans and Chromistans .............................................................................353 Sverre M. Myklestad and Espen Granum 4 .3 Organization of Fungal, Oomycete and Lichen (1,3)- β -Glucans ............................387 Cecile Clavaud, Vishukumar Aimanianda and Jean-Paul Latge 4 .4 Rhodophytes, Chlorophytes and Embryophytes 4 .4.1 Callose in Cell Division ...........................................................................425 Roy C. Brown and Betty E. Lemmon 4 .4.2 Cytology of the (1-3)- β -Glucan (Callose) in Plasmodesmata and Sieve Plate Pores ......................................................439 Amit Levy and Bernard L. Epel 4 .4.3 Callose and its Role in Pollen and Embryo Sac Development in Flowering Plants .............................................................465 Ed Newbigin, Antony Bacic and Steve Read 4 .4.4 Callose in Abiotic Stress .........................................................................499 Angelika Stass and Walter J. Horst 4 .4.5 Callose in Biotic Stress (Pathogenesis) Biology, biochemistry and molecular biology of callose in plant defence: callose deposition and turnover in plant—pathogen interactions ..................................................................525 Christian A. Voigt and Shauna C. Somerville 4 .5 (1 → 3)- β -Glucans in Innate Immunity 4 .5.1 Biological and Immunological Aspects of Innate Defence Mechanisms Activated by (1,3)- β -Glucans and Related Polysaccharides in Invertebrates ...............................................................563 Lage Cerenius, Shun-ichiro Kawabata and Kenneth S ö derh ä ll 4 .5.2 (1,3)- β- Glucans in Innate Immunity: Mammalian Systems ..........................579 Gordon D. Brown and David L. Williams 4 .6 Distribution, Fine Structure and Function of (1,3;1,4)- β -Glucans in the Grasses and Other Taxa ..........................................................621 Philip J. Harris and Geoffrey B. Fincher Contents vii 4 .7 Evolutionary Aspects of (1,3)- β -Glucans and Related Polysaccharides ...................................................................................655 Philip J. Harris and Bruce A. Stone Index ..............................................................................................................663 This page intentionally left blank In Memoriam Bruce Arthur Stone AM FTSE Emeritus Professor 4 December 1928 – 28 June 2008 We were greatly saddened at the passing of our co-editor Bruce Stone on 28 June 2008, following a two year battle with acute myeloid leukemia. Bruce, with help from his co-author Adrienne Clarke, had almost single-handedly written the forerunner to the current publica- tion. That publication was entitled “ Chemistry and Biology of (1 → 3)- β -Glucans ” and was published by La Trobe University Press in 1992. Affectionately known as ‘ The Book ’ to Bruce and his colleagues, it represented an encyclopaedic tome of over 800 pages, of which some 280 pages were dedicated to supporting references. ‘ The Book ’ quickly found its way to the shelves of offi ces of carbohydrate chemists, enzymologists and plant and fungal biolo- gists around the world. If one telephoned Bruce to tap into his equally encyclopaedic knowl- edge of the fi eld and especially to enquire of the early literature, his response was usually ‘ it’s in the Book ’ . Nevertheless, relevant references and comment usually arrived from Bruce by email within a few hours of the telephone call. The current publication resulted from Bruce’s belief that the fi eld had advanced signifi cantly since 1992, largely through the emergence of new technologies such as molecular biology, functional genomics, and through advances in methods for the chemical, physical and physi- cochemical analyses of both carbohydrates and the enzymes that synthesise, modify or hydro- lyse them. Bruce was realistic enough to realise that the ‘ second edition ’ of “ Chemistry and Biology of (1→ 3)- β -Glucans ” could not be written by a single person or even by a small group of people. He decided therefore to invite respected experts and colleagues from around the world to write individual review chapters. He also called upon us, as former postgraduate Excerpts of this obituary are reproduced with permission from the Journal of Cereal Science, which published an obituary by GB Fincher in 2008 (J Cereal Sci 48, 561–562). ix
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