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Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol. I by TADEUSZ URBANSKI Department of Technology, Politechnika Warszawa Authorized translation by IRENA JECZALIKOWA and SYLVIA LAVERTON PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD - LONDON. NEW YORK - PARIS PWN-POLISH SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS WARSZAWA 1964 PERGAMON PRESS LTD Headington Hill Hall, Oxford 3 & 5 Fitzroy Square, London W. I. PERGAMON PRESS 122 East 55th Street, New York 22 N.Y. GAUTHIER-VILLARS ED. 55 Quai des Grands-Augustins, Paris, 6e PERGAMON PRESS G.m.b H. Kaiserstrasse 75, Frankfurt am Main Distributed in the Western Hemisphere by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK pursuant to a special arrangement with PERGAMON PRESS LIMITED Copyright © 1964 by PANSTWOWE WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE PWN - Polish Scientific Publishers Warszawa Scan and OCR by Amenf v1.00 Title of the original volume Chemia i technologia materialów wybuchowych Library of Congress Card. No. 63-10077 Printed in Poland (WDN) CONTENTS Page preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII Classification of explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CHAPTER I. NITRATION AND NITRATING AGENTS General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Nitric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Nitric acid in admixture with other mineral acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Earlier works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 More recent studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Application of kinetic studies to elucidate the structure of nitrating mixtures . . . . 33 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 CHAPTER II. NITRATION THEORIES Nitration as an addition reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Nitration as a double exchange reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Orientation of nitro groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Side reactions in the nitration process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 CHAPTER III. NITRATION AGENTS AND METHODS MORE RARELY USED Nitration of alkenes and alkynes with concentrated nitric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Nitration with dilute nitric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Electrolytic nitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Nitration with nitric acid vapour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Nitrogen dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Nitration with nitrogen dioxide alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Nitration with nitrogen dioxide in the presence of sulphuric acid . . . . . . . . 102 Nitration with nitrogen dioxide in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts 103 Nitration with nitrogen dioxide in the presence of activated silica . . . . . . . . 105 Photonitration with nitrogen dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Nitrogen pentoxide (nitric anhydride) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Nitryl chloride (nitronium chloride, NOCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2 Nitryl fluoride (nitronium fluoride, NOF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 2 Nitrogen trioxide (nitrous anhydride) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Nitric acid in the presence of mercuric nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Nitrating mixtures with strong oxidizing agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 [VI vi CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF EXPLOSIVES Nitrous acid as a nitrating catalyst and as a nitrating agent.. . . . . . . . . . . 116 Nitrous acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Organic compounds as nitrating agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Nitric acid esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Acyl nitrates (mixed anhydrides) . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Nitrates of some organic bases . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Aliphatic nitro compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Nitration under influence of gamma radiation . . . . . . . . . .126 Indirect methods of introducing a nitro group . . . . . . . . . .126 Substitution of sulphonic groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Substitution of halogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Other nitration reactions by substitution . . . . . . . . . 129 Introducing the nitro group by oxidation . . . . . . . . . 131 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 CHAPTER IV. NITRATION WITH NITRATING MIXTURES Nitrating mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Composition of nitrating mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Utilization of spent acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Enthalpy of nitrating mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Heats of dilution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Mixing the acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Temperature of nitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Mixing of reagents during nitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Solubility of nitro compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Design of nitrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Heat exchange devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Stirrers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Product separation and discharge of the nitrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Waste water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 CHAPTER V. GENERAL INFORMATION ON NITRO COMPOUNDS Constitution of the nitro group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Visible and ultra-violet absorption spectra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Infra-red absorption spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray examination of nitro compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Chemical properties of nitro compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Primary, secondary and tertiary compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Heterocyclic nitro compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Nitro compounds as explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 CHAPTER VI. AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS Reactivity of the nitro group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Influence of nitro groups on reactivity of hydrogen atoms and substituents. Nucleophilic reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Free radical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Inhibiting action of nitro compounds on polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Vulcanization of rubber with aromatic nitro compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 CONTENTS vii Influence of nitro groups on some physico-chemical properties of phenols and amines. . . . . 217 Behaviour of nitro compounds in concentrated acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Addition compounds of aromatic polynitro compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Other reactions of nitro compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 CHAPTER VII. NITRO DERIVATIVES OF BENZENE Nitrobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Chemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Toxicity of nitrobenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Preparation of nitrobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Dinitrobenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Chemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Toxicity of dinitrobenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Explosive properties of dinitrobenzene . . . . . . . . 242 Preparation of dinitrobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Trinitrobenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Physical properties of sym-trinitrobenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Chemical properties of sym-trinitrobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Explosive properties of sym-trinitrobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Preparation of sym-trinitrobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Preparation of unsymmetrical isomers of trinitrobenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Tetranitrobenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Hexanitrobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Thermochemical properties of nitro derivatives of benzene.. . . . . . . . . . . 259 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 CHAPTER VIII. NITRO DERIVATIVES OF TOLUENE Nitration of toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Mononitrotoluenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Thermochemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Chemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Preparation of mononitrotolucnes . . . . . . . . . . .271 Industrial methods of nitration of toluene. . . . . . . . . . . .275 Separation of isomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Dinitrotoluenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Thermochemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Chemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Preparation of dinitrotoluenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Industrial methods of preparation of dinitrotoluene. . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Preparation of pure isomers . . . . . . . . . . . 289 -a Trinitrotoluene (TNT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Thermochemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 VIII CHEMISTRY ANI) TECHNOLOGY OF EXPLOSIVES Chemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Elucidation of the constitution of -a rinitrotoluene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Kinetics of the nitration of dinitrotoluene to trinitrotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Explosive properties of TNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Toxicity of -a rinitrotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Metabolism of trinitrotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Unsymmetrical isomers of trinitrotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Thermochemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Preparation and constitution of unsymmetrical trinitrotoluenes . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Other by-products in the nitration of toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Tetranitrotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 CHAPTER IX. TNT MANUFACTURE Toluene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Nitration of toluene to TNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Three stage process for manufacture of TNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Old French process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Old British method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Old U. S. S. R. method (according to Gorst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 German method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Two-stage manufacture of TNT (old Italian method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Material balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Continuous methods of nitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Earlier methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Modern methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Purificalion of TNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Purification by crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Sulphitation and drying of TNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Schematic diagram of a plant for continuous TNT manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Utilization and neutralizing sulphitation liquors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 Waste waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Safety in TNT manufacture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 CHAPTER X. NITRO DERIVATIVES OF HIGHER BENZENE HOMOLOGUES Nitro derivatives of xylenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Isomers of mononitro-m-xylene (MNX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Isomers of dinitro-m-xylene (DNX). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Isomers of trinitro-m-xylene (TNX). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Mononitro derivatives of o- and p- xylenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Dinitro derivatives of o- and p- xylenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Trinitro derivatives of o- and p- xylenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Manufacture of trinitroxylene (TNX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Nitro derivatives of other homologues of benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Nitro derivatives of mesitylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Nitro derivatives of ethylbenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414 CONTENTS ix Nitro-solvent-naphtha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Hexanitrostilbene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Nitro derivatives of diphenyl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Nitration of mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Nitro derivatives of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Nitropolystyrene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 CHAPTER XI. NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Mononitro derivatives of naphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Dinitro derivatives of naphthalene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Composition of the commercial product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Trinitro derivatives of naphthalene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Chemical properties of trinitronaphthalene isomers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Structure of -a and g somers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Explosive properties and application of trinitronaphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Tetranitro derivatives of naphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Structure of tetranitronaphthalenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Thermochemical properties of nitronaphthalenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 Side reactions in the nitration of naphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Manufacture of nitro derivatives of naphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Nitration of naphthalene to mononitronaphthalene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Nitration of naphthalene to dinitronaphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Nitration of nitronaphthalene to dinitronaphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Nitration of nitronaphthalene to trinitronaphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 CHAPTER XII. NITRO DERIVATIVES OF HALOGENOBENZENES Nitro derivatives of chlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Mononitro derivatives of chlorobenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Dinitro derivatives of chlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Manufacture of o- and p- hloronitrobenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Nitration of p- hloronitrobenzene to l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. . . . . . . . . 458 Nitration of chlorobenzene to chlorodinitrobenzene (Griesheim method). . . . . . 458 Trinitro derivatives of chlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Thermochemical and explosive properties of chloronitrobenzenes. . . . . 466 Nitro derivatives of p- ichlorobenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 2,4,6-Trinitro derivative of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Nitro derivatives of fluorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 CHAPTER XIII. NITRO DERIVATIVES OF PHENOL General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472 Mononitro derivatives of phenol . . . . . . . . . . . .474 X CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF EXPLOSIVES Dinitro derivatives of phenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Chemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Toxicity of dinitrophenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Principles of preparation of nitrophenols . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Manufacture of dinitrophenol by direct nitration . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Manufacture of dinitrophenol by chlorodinitrobenzene hydrolysis . . . . . . . 484 Picric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Thermochemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Explosive properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 CHAPTER XIV. MANUFACTURE OF PICRIC ACID Principles of manufacture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Nitration of phenol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Nitration of dinitrophenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Method based on phenol nitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 Nitration methods using dilute nitric acid or mixtures of nitric acid and sodium nitrate. . . . 504 Continuous nitration of phenolsulphonic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Nitration with concentrated acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Dinitrophenol nitration methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Methods of nitrating benzene in the presence of mercuric salts . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 CHAPTER XV. OTHER NITRO DERIVATIVES OF PHENOLS Picric acid isomers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 “Isopicric acid” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Picric acid salts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Ammonium picrate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Guanidine picrate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Danger produced by picrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Tetra- and penta-nitro derivatives of phenol. . . . . . . . . . . .530 Tetranitrophenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530 Pentanitrophenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Nitro derivatives of cresol. . . . . . . . . . . .532 2,4,6-Trinitro-m-cresol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532 Manufacture of trinitro-m-cresol. . . . . . . . . . . . 534 Nitro derivatives of arylphenols. . . . . . . . . . . .535 Nitro derivatives of 3-hydroxydiphenyl. . . . . . . . . . . .535 Nitro derivatives of polyhydric phenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535 Dinitroresorcinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536 Trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid) . . . . . . . .538 Trinitrophloroglucinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 Dinitropyrocatechol . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 CONTENTS xi CHAPTER XVI. PICRIC ACID ETHERS Trinitroanisole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Explosive properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Manufacture of trinitroanisole . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 Tetranitroanisole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Trinitrophenetole . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 Polynitro derivatives of diphenyl ether . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Pentanitrodiphenyl ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Hexanitrodiphenyl ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Nitro derivatives of various phenolic ethers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Hexanitrodiphenyl sulphide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Hexanitrodiphenyl sulphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 CHAPTER XVII. NITRO DERIVATIVES OF ANILINE Mononitro derivatives of aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Dinitro derivatives of aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Trinitroaniline (picramide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 Chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 Tetranitroaniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Pentanitroaniline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 Hexanitrodiphenylamine (Hexyl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Chemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Explosive properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Hexyl manufacture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 Nitro derivatives of carbazole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Tetranitrocarbazole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Manufacture of 1,3.6.8-tetranitrocarbazole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Preparation of 1,2,6,8-tetranitrocarbazole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Amide derivatives of trinitroanilines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Hexanitrodiphenylurea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Hexanitro-oxanilide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Hexanitrodiphenylguanidine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Nitro derivatives of aminophenols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Trinitro-m-phenylenediamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Picramic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Nitro derivatives of phenothiazine.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 CHAPTER XVIII. NITRO DERIVATIVES OF AZO- AND HYDRAZO-BENZENES Hexanitroazobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Hexanitrohydrazobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Nitro derivatives of azoxybenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Mononitro derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Dinitro derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Trinitro derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 xii CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF EXPLOSIVES Tetranitro derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 CHAPTER XIX. ALIPHATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS Nitromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Ignition and burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Explosive properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 Dinitromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Trinitromethane (Nitroform) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Tetranitromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Explosive properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 1,2-Dinitroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 l,l-Dinitroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Polynitroethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 sym-Tetranitroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 Hexanitroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 2,2-Dinitropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 Other polynitro aliphatic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 Nitroaromatic derivatives of mono-, di- and tri-nitromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 CHAPTER XX. NITRONITROSO AND NITROSO COMPOUNDS Dinitrodinitrosobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 Hexanitrosobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Author index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Subject index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

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