chemistry and processing of sugarbeet and sugarcane: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet, Denver, Colorado, April 6, 1987 and the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarcane, New Orleans, Louisiana, Septemb PDF
Preview chemistry and processing of sugarbeet and sugarcane: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet, Denver, Colorado, April 6, 1987 and the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarcane, New Orleans, Louisiana, Septemb
SUGAR SCIENCES Vol. 1. Standard Fabrication Practices for Cane Sugar Mills (Delden) Vol. 2. Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar (Baikow) Vol. 3. By-Products of the Cane Sugar Industry (Paturau) Vol. 4. Unit Operations in Cane Sugar Production (Payne) Vol. 5. Noël Deerr: Classic Papers of a Sugar Cane Technologist (Payne, Compiler) Vol. 6. The Energy Cane Alternative (Alexander) Vol.7. Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering (Hugot, 3rd edition) Vol. 8. Management Accounting for the Sugar Cane Industry (Fok Kam) Vol. 9. Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet and Sugarcane (Clarke and Godshall, Editors) sugar series, 9 chemistry and processing of sugarbeet and sugarcane Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet, Denver, Colorado, April 6,1987 and the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarcane, New Orleans, Louisiana, September 3-4,1987 edited by Margaret A. Clarke and Mary An Godshall Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, U.S.A. Elsevier Amsterdam — Oxford — New York — Tokyo 1988 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Distributors for the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. 52, Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. ISBN 0-444-43020-2(Vol. 9) ISBN 0-444-41897-0(Series) © Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V./Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, P.O. Box 330, 1000 AH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocpies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed in The Netherlands This book is dedicated to the memory of Benjamin A. Oxnard VII PREFACE In 1987, the American Chemical Society held its spring meeting in Denver, Colorado, an historic center of the U.S. beet sugar industry, and its fall meeting in New Orleans, a traditional center of the U.S. cane sugar industry. The settings initiated the idea for symposia on the two sugar crops and their processing industries. Papers from these symposia are published in this book. The world of sugar production has undergone massive changes in the last ten years: increased production in the European countries has made an additional three to four million tons of white sugar annually available on world markets; replacement of cane and beet sugars in the U.S. by cheaper corn syrups has reduced imports from sugarcane-growing tropical countries by 80Z or almost four million tons; increase in sugar consumption within these same countries has increased the demand there for white sugar and created a demand for systems to produce more high grade white sugars for small initial investment. The overall effect has been an apparent surplus of sugar, now fortunately diminishing. The ample supply has had its negative effect on price, and so processing costs have been tightly trimmed, or, in many countries, cut to the bone. There is pressure on technologists to develop more efficient and lower cost processes, and so technological changes have emerged from the pressure of changing markets. The purposes of this book, and of the symposia, are: 1. To present recent developments in beet and cane sugar manufacturing as part of a picture of current sugar technology. 2. To present the chemistry of sugar processing and products 3. To consider trends and future possibilities in sugar production systems and products. To these ends, the papers herein, by various international authorities in the sugar industries, have been collected. The book is in two sections, beet and cane; each section begins with an overview of the crop and the production systems that serves as a framework for the papers that follow. Several papers—those on sucrose chemistry (Chapters 16, 18, and 23), sucrose and health (Chapter 19) and Chapters 7, 8, 10 and 21—are relevant to both sugarcane and sugarbeet. The editors wish to express thanks to the Officers of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society, under whose auspices the Symposia on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet and Sugarcane were held. We express our thanks to the Board of Directors of Sugar Processing Research, Inc., for their support for the Symposia and the editing of this book, and to Southern Regional Research Center for the use of facilities. Vili We offer our gratitude and appreciation to the contributors to this book, and to their principals, for their time and efforts in participating in the symposia and composing these papers. We extend special thanks to our editorial assistant, Jacqueline E. Smith, for her extensive and untiring efforts in assembling, typing and formatting this material. February, 1988. Margaret A. Clarke New Orleans, Louisiana Mary An Godshall IX CONTRIBUTORS VISTI ANDERSSON, DDS Engineering, P. 0. Box 2249, DK-1019, Copenhagen K, Denmark. SVEN BARFOED, DDS Engineering, P. 0. Box 2249, DK-1019, Copenhagen K, Denmark. STANLEY E. BICHSEL, American Crystal Sugar Company, 1700 N. 11th Street, Moorhead, Minnesota USA 56560. G. NORRIS BOLLENBACK, (The Sugar Association; retired), 4739 Berkeley Terrace N.W., Washington, D.C. USA 20007. NICHOLAS W. BR0UGHT0N, British Sugar plc, Research Center, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB. B. W. BROWN, British Sugar plc, Research Center, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB. MARGARET A. CLARKE, Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana USA 70124. MICHAEL CLEARY, American Crystal Sugar Company, 1700 N. 11th Street, Moorhead, Minnesota USA 56560. MARY A. GODSHALL, Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana USA 70124. T. R. HANSSENS, Suiker Unie U.A., Postbus 1308, 4700 BH Roosendaal, The Netherlands. RHETT HARRIS, West India Rum Refinery, Brighton, St. Michael, Barbados. ROBERT A. JOHNSON, Syrinx Research Institute Pty. Ltd., P. 0. Box 1583, Bundaberg, Queensland 4670, Australia. GRAHAM C. JONES, British Sugar plc, Research Center, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB. HAYDN F. JONES, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, Tate and Lyle plc, Whiteknights, P. 0. Box 68, Reading, Berks., United Kingdom RG6 2BX. RIAZ KHAN, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, Tate and Lyle plc, Whiteknights, P. 0. Box 68, Reading, Berks., United Kingdom RG6 2BX. RICHARD A. KITCHEN, B.C. Sugar Refining Company, P. 0. Box 2150, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6B 3V2. KEES KOERTS, Suiker Unie U.A., Postbus 1308, 4700 BH Roosendaal, The Netherlands. X MICHEL S. LEFEBVRE, Syrinx Research Institute Pty. Ltd., MLC Centre, Martin Place, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. B. L. LEGENDRE, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A., Sugarcane Research Unit, Houma, Louisiana USA 70361. LEIF H. RAMM-SCHMIDT, Finnish Sugar Company, Ltd., Porkkala Plant, 02460 Kantvik, Finland. GEOFFREY N. RICHARDS, Wood Chemistry Laboratory, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana USA 59812-1201. JOHN A. RICHMOND, Holly Sugar Corporation, P. 0. Box 1052, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA 80901. RICHARD RIFFER, C and H Sugar Company, Crockett, California USA 94525. CARLOS E. VAZ RUSSELL, Copersucar, Centro de Technologia, P. 0. Box 162, 13400 Piracicaba, S.P., Brazil. DAVID SARGENT, British Sugar pic, Research Center, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB, HUBERT SCHIWECK, Suddeutsche Zucker AG, Postfach 1127, 6718 Grünstadt I, Federal Republic of Germany. MERVYN SHORE, British Sugar pic, Research Center, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB. GARRY A. SMITH, Crops Research Laboratory, U.S.D.A., 1701 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado USA 80526. GEORGE STEINLE, Suddeutsche Zucker AG, Postfach 1127, 6718 Grünstadt I, Federal Republic of Germany. ROBERT W. STRICKLAND, Holly Sugar Corporation, P. 0. Box 1052, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA 80901. JAN TJEBBES, Sockerbolaget, P. 0. Box 6, 232 00 Arlöv, Sweden. ROBERT R. TROTT, Tate and Lyle Process Technology, 55 Liddon Road, Bromley, Kent, United Kingdom BRI 2SR. W.S. CHARLES TSANG, Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana USA 70124. DAVID WEST, Sugar Technology Research Unit, Edgehill, St. Thomas, Barbados, West Indies. Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet and Sugarcane, edited by M.A. Clarke and M.A. Godshall Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1988 — Printed in the Netherlands Chapter 1 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY S. E. BICHSEL INTRODUCTION The United States beet sugar industry derives its historical origin from the European beet sugar industry beginning in France and Germany in the early 1800*s. At the present time sugarbeets are produced in 12 states located in the western and central part of the United States as indicatd in Figure 1. Since the inception of the U.S. beet industry in 1900, there has been a dramatic increase in yield per acre and harvested acres of sugarbeets, from a minimal amount in 1900 to approximately 1.4 million acres (5.67 x 10s ha) harvested at an average yield/acre of 19.0 tons (17.24 tonnes) (Figure 2). The increase in acres of land dedicated to sugarbeet production and the increase in productivity per acre resulted primarily from sugar price stability, advances in cultural practices, and the availability of disease resistant monogerm hybrid sugarbeet varieties which offered adequate resistance against common sugarbeet diseases and reduced labor costs associated with thinning the original multigerm varieties. The combination of stable sugar costs to the consumer, and technological advances in sugarbeet production in the field and beet sugar production in the factory, ensured the growth of the domestic beet sugar industry. Figure 3 shows the increasing trend in refined sugar production/acre from the mid 60's through the mid 80*s. During this period, continuous gains were made in agronomic practices and hybrid sugarbeet variety productivity in the field. Improvement in refined sugar production/acre compensated for the decrease in harvested acres as indicated in a flat total refined sugar production trend approximating 60 million cwt (2.7 million tonnes) of domestic beet sugar produced from the mid 60*s through the mid 80*s (Figure 4). The field production of sugarbeets followed by storage and subsequent processing to produce refined sugar for sale are described in this paper. 2 LEGEND Y///\ SU«H. Ikvl Counties | | Sun.»r OIK· Counlio "V IWvl Siifrir I'Uils . Clin· Su>vw Mills Fig. 1. The beet sugar industry in the United States. Grey areas represent counties where sugarbeets are grown. O1500 o CO LU > er ooooco^w < OOJ^COCOCDCD x O>0>00>0>0>0> CROP YEAR Fig. 2. Harvested acres and yield/acre vs years.
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