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t Chemistry and Physics of Carbon Edited by PETER A. THROWER s r VOLUME 21 I « V' K’i 'H1 .1 1 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF CARBON Volume 21 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF CARBON A SERIES OF ADVANCES Edited by Peter A. Thrower DEPARTMENTOFMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING THEPENNSYLVANIASTATEUNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYPARK.PENNSYLVANIA Volume 21 MARCEL DEKKER. INC. New York and Basel The Librar oyf Congress Cataloge dthe Firs tIssu eof This Titl aes Follows: Chemistr yand physic sof carbon ,v. 1- London, E. Arnold ;New York ,M. Dekker ,1965- v. illu s2.4 cm Edito rv:. 1- P. L. Walker 1. Carbon. I . Walker ,Phili Lp. ,ed. QD181.C1C44 546.681 Librar oyf Congress 1 66-58302 ISBN 0-8247-7939-8 COPYRIGHT © 1989 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Neithe rthi sbook nor any par tmay be reproduce dor transmitt eidn any form or by any means, electron oirc mechanica l,includi npghoto copying ,microfilmi nagnd, recordin go,r by any informati osntorag e and retrie vsaylstem ,withou tpermissio inn writi nfgrom the publisher. MARCEL DEKKER, INC. 270 Madison Avenue, New York ,New York 10016 Curren tprinti n(glas dtigi: t) 10 987654321 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Preface This twenty-fi vrosltume of Chemistry and Physics of Carbon contain s contributi ofnrsom Spain and Poland ,both of which deal wit hthe intrigu isnugbjec tof carbon surface s.The approache sused, however , are quit edifferent. In Chapte r1, Drs. Rodriguez-Reino saond Linares-Sola ndoeal wit hthe microporou sstructu roef activat ecdarbon sas reveale dby adsorpti otnechnique s.Publicati oonns activat ecdarbon scontinue to appear wit hregular iitn ythe literat uarned ,disagreemen tosver the interpreta toif oandsorpti opnhenomena do not appear to diminis h. This chapte rpresent sthe poin tof view of a group tha thas done extensiv weork in thi sarea fo rmany years ,One or two further chapter son thi ssubjec tby othe rgroups are planne dfo rfuture volumes. In the second chapter ,Dr. Zawadzki introduc etshe subjec tof carbon surface sfrom the aspec tof thei crhemistr ays studie dby infrar esdpectroscop y,This techniqu eis shown to be usefu lto studie sof carbonizat iaosn wel las adsorption. I am gratef utlo the author sfo rpreparin tghese manuscrip ts in a timel yfashio n,As we go to press ,I am alread ypromise d chapter sfo rVolume 22. Readers are urged to contac tme i fthey have suggestio nfso rfutur evolumes ,eithe fro rchapter sthey may writ ethemselve so,r fo rauthor sthey would lik eto see contribute. Pete rA. Thrower Hi Contributors to Volume 21 Angel Linares-Solano Departament ode Quimica Inorgani cea Ingenier ia Quimica ,Universid adde Alicant eA,licant eS,pain Francisco Rodrxguez-Reinoso Departament ode Quimica Inorgani cea Ingenier iQuaimica ,Universid adde Alicant eA,licant eS,pain Jerz yZawadzki Instit uotf eChemistr y,Nicolau sCopernicu sUniver sit yT,orun ,Poland v Contents of Volume 21 Preface iii Contributo trso Volume 21 v Content sof Other Volumes ix 1 MICROPOROUS STRUCTURE OF ACTIVATED CARBONS AS REVEALED BY ADSORPTION METHODS 1 Francisco Rodriguez-Reinoso and Angel Linares-Solano I. Introduction 2 II.Adsorpti oinn Micropore s 10 III.Activati oPrnocess 35 IV. Microporou sStructu re 42 V. Nonmicroporou sStructu re 103 VI. Tota lPorosit y 107 VII.Surfac eAreas 110 VIII.Effec tof Activati oPrnocess and Precurso ron the Porosity 126 IX. Conclusions 139 References 141 2 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IN SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF CARBONS 147 Jerz yZawadzki I. Introduction 148 II.Infrar eSdpectroscop iSctudie son Carbonizati on Processes 158 III.Infrar eSdpectroscop icStudie sof Oxygen Surfac e Compounds 187 IV. The Applicati oonf IR Spectroscop tyo the Study of Adsorpti oPnrocesse son Carbon Films 217 vii i viii Contents of Volume 21 V. Surfac eAcidi taynd Reaction sof Carbon Film swith Adsorbed Molecules 255 VI. Infrar eSdtudie sof S02 on Carbons 337 VII.Conclusions 361 References 363 Index 381 Contents of Other Volumes VOLUME 1 Dislocatio annsd Stackin gFault sin Graphit eS,. Amelinckx, P. Delavignette, and M. Heerschap Gaseous Mass Transpor wtithi nGraphit eG,. F. Hewitt Microscop iSctudie sof Graphit eOxidatio nJ,. M. Thomas Reaction sof Carbon wit hCarbon Dioxid eand Steam, Sabri Ergun and Morris Menster The Formatio nof Carbon from Gases, Howard B. Palmer and Charles F. Cullis Oxygen Chemisorpti oEnffect osn Graphit eThermoelect rPiocwer, P. L. Walker, Jr., L. G. Austin, and J. J. Tietjen VOLUME 2 Electro Mnicroscop yof Reactivi tChyanges near Latti cDeefect sin Graphit eG,. ft. Hennig Porous Structu raend Adsorpti oPnroperti eosf Activ eCarbons, M. M. Dubinin Radiatio Dnamage in Graphit ew,. lv. Reynolds Adsorpti ofnrom Solutio bny Graphit eSurfaces ,A. C. Zettlemoyer and K. S. Narayan Electron iTcranspor tin Pyrolyt iGrcaphit eand Boron Alloy sof Pyrolyt iGrcaphit eC,laude A. Klein Activat eDdiffusi oonf Gases in Molecular-Si eMvaeterial sP., L. Walker, Jr., L. G. Austin, and S. P. Nandi VOLUME 3 Nonbasal Dislocati oinns Graphit eJ,. M. Thomas and C. Roscoe Optica lStudie sof Carbon ,Sabri Ergun Actio nof Oxygen and Carbon Dioxid eabove 100 Milliba orns Pure Carbon ,F. M. Lang and P. Magnier ix I i Contents of Other Volumes x c rirhon Sabri Ergun X-Ray Studies oi Lar“ ’ for Helium-Cooled High-Temperature Nuclear Carbon Transport Stu ie y. Kinsey, and E. Romberg Reactors, M. *• Everett, v VOLUME 4 niffract Sitoundie son Carbon and Graphit eW,. Ruland X-Ray ofCarbon ,Howard B. Palmer and Mordecai Shelef Vaporization Growth of Graphit eCrystal sfrom Solutio nS,. B. Austerman Intern aFlricti oSntudie son Graphit eT,. Tsuzuku and M. H. Saito T^e Formatio nof Some Graphitiz iCnagrbons ,J. D. Brooks and G. H. Taylor Catalysis of Carbon Gasificati oPn■ ,L. Walker, Jr., M. Shelef, and R. A. Anderson VOLUME S Deposition, Structure, and Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon, J. C. Bokros The Thermal Conductivity of Graphite, B. T. Kelly The Study of Defects in Graphite by Transmission Electron Microscopy, P. A. Thrower Intercalation Isotherms on Natural and Pyrolytic Graphite, J. G. Hooley VOLUME 6 Physical Adsorption of Gases and Vapors on Graphitized Carbon Blacks, N. N. Avgul and A. V. Kiselev Graphitization of Soft Carbons, Jacques Maire and Jacques Mering Surface Complexes on Carbons, B. R. Puri Effects of Reactor Irradiation on the Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Graphites and Carbons, R. E. Taylor and D. E. Kline VOLUME 7 The Kineti casnd Mechanism of Graphitizat iDo. nB,. Fischbach The Kineti cosf Graphitizat iAo. nP,acault Electron iPcroperti eosf Doped Carbons ,Andre Marchand Positi vaend Negativ eMagnetoresistan ceisn Carbons ,P. Delhaes The Chemistr yof the Pyrolyt iCocnversio nof Organi cCompounds to Carbon ,E. Fitzer, K. Mueller, and W. Schaefer VOLUME 8 The Electron iPcroperti eosf Graphit eI, .L. Spain Surfac eProperti eosf Carbon Fibers ,D. W. McKee and v. j. Mimeault The Behavio rof Fissio nProduct sCapture din Graphit eby Nuclea r Recoil ,Seishi Yajima