Chemistry and physics for nurse anesthesia a student centered approach

444 Pages·2009·6.22 MB·English

Chemistry
and Physics
for Nurse
Anesthesia
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Chemistry
and Physics
for Nurse
Anesthesia
A Student Centered Approach
David Shubert, Ph.D.
John Leyba, Ph.D.
Copyright © 2009 Springer Publishing Company, LLC
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
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Cover Design: Mimi Flow
Composition: Six Red Marbles
Ebook ISBN: 978-0-8261-1844-8
09 10 11 / 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shubert, David.
Chemistry and physics for nurse anesthesia : a student centered approach / David Shubert, John
Leyba.
p. ; cm.
ISBN 978-0-8261-1844-8
1. Chemistry. 2. Physics. 3. Nursing. 4. Anesthesia. I. Leyba, John. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Chemistry--Nurses’ Instruction. 2. Anesthetics--chemistry--Nurses’ Instruction.
3. Nurse Anesthetists. 4. Physics--Nurses’ Instruction. QD 31.3 S562c 2009]
RT69.S56 2009
610.1’53--dc22
2009019934
Printed in the United States of America by Hamilton
The author and the publisher of this Work have made every effort to use sources believed to be
reliable to provide information that is accurate and compatible with the standards generally ac-
cepted at the time of publication. Because medical science is continually advancing, our knowl-
edge base continues to expand. Therefore, as new information becomes available, changes in
procedures become necessary. We recommend that the reader always consult current research and
specifi c institutional policies before performing any clinical procedure.
The author and publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages
resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance on, the information contained
in this book. The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for ex-
ternal or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that
any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
DAVID SHUBERT, Ph.D.
Dr. David Shubert obtained a bachelor’s degree in chemistry at Fort Hays State
University in 1983, and then went on to the University of Colorado to obtain a
Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1987 as a National Science Foundation Pre-Doctoral
Fellow. He was inducted into the national ARCS Foundation prior to joining
Newman University in 1987. Although his area of expertise lies in organometal-
lic chemistry, Dr. Shubert has taught introductory, general, organic, analytical,
and instrumental analytical chemistry, and biochemistry, in addition to earth and
space science, general physical science, and chemistry/physics for nurse anesthe-
sia. In 1995, Dr. Shubert was honored by his students and peers with the Teaching
Excellence Award. Although teaching remains his primary interest, Dr. Shubert
has worked as a chemical consultant with several local industries, including Vul-
can Chemicals and BG Products. Working with colleagues from fi ve independent
colleges, and with fi nancial support from the National Science Foundation, the
Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, as well as the A.V. Davis Foundation,
Dr. Shubert has offered numerous workshops that provided training and ac-
cess to modern instrumentation to high school chemistry teachers. His research
interests have evolved from organometallic chemistry to chemical education.
Dr. Shubert now serves as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.
JOHN LEYBA, Ph.D.
Dr. John Leyba received the Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from North-
east Missouri State University (now Truman State University) in 1986 and ob-
tained the Ph.D. in nuclear chemistry from the University of California, Berke-
ley, in 1990. He held the positions of Senior Scientist, Senior Scientist A, and
Principal Scientist with Westinghouse Savannah River Company at the Depart-
ment of Energy’s Savannah River Site. In addition, he was the Radiochemistry
Group Leader for Rust Federal Services’ Clemson Technical Center located in
Anderson, SC. He also held an appointment as a Visiting Assistant Professor
in the Chemistry Department and as an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the De-
partment of Environmental Engineering and Science at Clemson University. Just
prior to joining the faculty at Newman, Dr. Leyba was the Denver Area Director
of Operations for Canberra Industries. Dr. Leyba joined the Newman faculty in
2002. He currently teaches courses in physics, earth and space science, chemis-
try, and sonography. Dr. Leyba has over 25 peer-reviewed publications, includ-
ing a paper involving the fi rst observation of 79Se in Savannah River Site High
Level Waste. Dr. Leyba’s research interests involve fast chemical separations of
radioactive materials. Dr. Leyba’s accomplishments as a teacher were recognized
by his students and peers with the 2005 Teaching Excellence Award.
v
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Contents
Preface xix
Chapter 1:
MEASUREMENT 1
A Review of Some Basic Mathematical Skills 1
Order of Operations 1
Algebra: Solving Equations for an Unknown Quantity 3
Exponents 8
Scientifi c Notation 9
Graphing 10
Measurements and Signifi cant Figures 12
Signifi cant Figures in Calculations 14
Accuracy and Precision 15
SI (Metric System) 17
Absolute Zero and the Kelvin Scale 18
Conversion Factors 19
Density 22
Density and Specifi c Gravity 23
Review Questions 25
Chapter 2:
A REVIEW OF SOME CHEMISTRY BASICS 29
What is Chemistry? 29
Matter 30
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes 31
Pure Substances and Mixtures 31
Atomic Structure and Dimension 32
Atomic Number and Mass Number 33
Isotopes and Mass Spectroscopy 34
Dalton’s Atomic Theory 35
The Periodic Table of the Elements 36
Average Atomic Weights 39
Classifying Elements on the Periodic Table 40
vii
viii Contents
Some Common Elements 42
Chemical Nomenclature 46
Naming Molecular Compounds 46
Naming Ions and Ionic Compounds 47
Monatomic Cations of Representative Metals 47
Monatomic Anions of Representative Nonmetals 48
Transition Metal Cations 48
Polyatomic Ions 49
Formulas of Ionic Compounds 50
Ionic Compounds 51
Hydrates 52
Formulas from Names 53
Electrolytes 53
Stoichiometry 54
Moles 54
Molar Mass (Molecular Weight) 54
Review Questions 55
BASICS OF PHYSICS PART 1
Chapter 3:
(FORCE AND PRESSURE) 59
Introduction 59
Newton’s Laws 59
Mass 60
Velocity 60
Vectors 61
Vector Addition 62
Acceleration 63
Force 65
Gravity 66
Weight 66
Units of Mass and Weight 67
Pressure 68
Units of Pressure 69
Syringes 69
Atmospheric Pressure 70
Measuring Pressure 71
Barometer 71
Manometer 73
Aneroid Bellows Gauge 74
Bourdon Gauge 75
Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia ix
Gauge Pressure and Total Pressure 75
Review Questions 77
BASICS OF PHYSICS PART 2
Chapter 4:
(WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER) 81
Introduction 81
Work 81
Kinetic Energy and Work 83
Gases and Work 84
State Functions 86
The Real World 88
Energy 89
Units of Energy: Joules 89
Units of Energy: calories and Calories 90
Kinetic Energy 90
Potential Energy 91
Internal Energy 92
Thermodynamics 092
Heat versus Temperature 94
Specifi c Heat 96
Power 97
Review Questions 101
Chapter 5:
FLUIDS 105
Introduction 105
Fluids: A Defi nition 105
Hydrostatics 105
Pressure 106
Pressure at the Same Depth 108
Pressure versus Container Shape 109
Pascal’s Principle 110
Buoyancy 110
Archimedes’ Principle 111
Hydrometers 113
Hydrodynamics: Moving Fluids 114
Flow Rate 114
Speed and Diameter 114
Equation of Continuity 115