Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity

1298 Pages·2012·103.24 MB·English

Periodic Table of the Elements
Hydrogen
1
H MAIN GROUP METALS Uranium
1.0079
1 TRANSITION METALS 92 Atomic number
1A 2A
U
(1) (2) METALLOIDS Symbol
Lithium Beryllium
NONMETALS 238.0289 Atomic weight
3 4
2
Li Be
6.941 9.0122
Sodium Magnesium
11 12
3 Na Mg 8B
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B
22.9898 24.3050 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.9380 55.845 58.9332 58.6934 63.546
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium MolybdenumTechnetiumRuthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag
85.4678 87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 95.96 (97.907) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au
132.9055 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.084 196.9666
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium DarmstadtiumRoentgenium
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
(223.02) (226.0254) (227.0278) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280)
Cerium Praseodymium NeodymiumPromethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Lanthanides
Note: Atomic masses are Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd
2007 IUPAC values 140.116 140.9076 144.242 (144.91) 150.36 151.964 157.25
(up to four decimal places).
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium
Numbers in parentheses are
90 91 92 93 94 95 96
atomic masses or mass numbers Actinides
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm
of the most stable isotope of
an element. 232.0381 231.0359 238.0289 (237.0482) (244.664) (243.061) (247.07)
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8A
(18)
Helium
2
He
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 4.0026
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
5 6 7 8 9 10
B C N O F Ne
10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797
Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
13 14 15 16 17 18
Al Si P S Cl Ar
2B
(12) 26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066 35.4527 39.948
Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
65.38 69.723 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.80
Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.9045 131.29
Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (208.98) (209.99) (222.02)
Copernicium Ununtrium UnunquadiumUnunpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium Standard Colors
112 113 114 115 116 117 118 for Atoms in
Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Molecular Models
Discovered Discovered Discovered Discovered Discovered Discovered
(285) 2004 1999 2004 1999 2010 2002 carbon atoms
Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium hydrogen atoms
65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
oxygen atoms
158.9254 162.50 164.9303 167.26 168.9342 173.054 174.9668
Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium nitrogen atoms
97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
chlorine atoms
(247.07) (251.08) (252.08) (257.10) (258.10) (259.10) (262.11)
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eighth edition
chemistry
& Chemical Reactivity
John C. Kotz
State University of New York
College at Oneonta
Paul M. Treichel
University of Wisconsin–Madison
John R. Townsend
West Chester University of Pennsylvania
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John R. Townsend
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brief contents
Part ONE THE BASIC TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY 18 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects of
Aqueous Equilibria 806
1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1
19 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy and Free
Let’s Review: The Tools of Quantitative Chemistry 24 Energy 858
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 50 20 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer
Reactions 894
3 Chemical Reactions 110
Interchapter: The Chemistry of the Environment 946
4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about
Chemical Reactions 156
Part FIVE THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS
5 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
Energy and Chemical Reactions 208
21 The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements 960
Interchapter: The Chemistry of Fuels and Energy
Resources 252 22 The Chemistry of the Transition Elements 1016
23 Nuclear Chemistry 1058
Part tWO THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
AND MOLECULES
aPPENdIcEs
6 The Structure of Atoms 266 a Using Logarithms and Solving Quadratic Equations A-2
7 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends 300 B Some Important Physical Concepts A-6
Interchapter: Milestones in the Development of
c Abbreviations and Useful Conversion Factors A-9
Chemistry and the Modern View of Atoms and
Molecules 334 d Physical Constants A-13
8 Bonding and Molecular Structure 344 E A Brief Guide to Naming Organic Compounds A-15
9 Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital F Values for the Ionization Energies and Electron
Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals 400 Attachment Enthalpies of the Elements A-18
10 Carbon: Not Just Another Element 438 G Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures A-19
Interchapter: The Chemistry of Life: Biochemistry 490 H Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Acids
at 25 °C A-20
Part tHrEE STATES OF MATTER I Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Bases
at 25 °C A-22
11 Gases and Their Properties 508
J Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic
12 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids 548 Compounds at 25 °C A-23
13 The Chemistry of Solids 582 K Formation Constants for Some Complex Ions in
14 Solutions and Their Behavior 616 Aqueous Solution at 25 °C A-25
Interchapter: The Chemistry of Modern L Selected Thermodynamic Values A-26
Materials 656 M Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at
25°C A-32
Part FOUr THE CONTROL OF CHEMICAL
N Answers to Chapter Opening Questions and Case
REACTIONS
Study Questions A-36
15 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates of Chemical O Answers to Check Your Understanding Questions A-47
Reactions 668
P Answers to Review & Check Questions A-63
16 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria 720
Q Answers to Selected Interchapter Study
17 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry of Questions A-72
Acids and Bases 756
r Answers to Selected Study Questions A-75 iii
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iv
contents
Preface xvii
Part ONE THE BASIC TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY 3 Mathematics of Chemistry 33
Exponential or Scientific Notation 33
1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1 Significant Figures 35
4 Problem Solving by Dimensional Analysis 39
Gold! 1
Case Study: Out of Gas! 40
1.1 Chemistry and Its Methods 2
5 Graphs and Graphing 41
Hypotheses, Laws, and Theories 3
A Closer Look: Careers in Chemistry 4 6 Problem Solving and Chemical Arithmetic 42
Goals of Science 5
STUDY QUESTIONS 44
Dilemmas and Integrity in Science 5
1.2 Sustainability and Green Chemistry 5
A Closer Look: Principles of Green Chemistry 6 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 50
1.3 Classifying Matter 6
States of Matter and Kinetic-Molecular Theory 7 The Periodic Table, the Central Icon of Chemistry 50
Matter at the Macroscopic and Particulate Levels 8 2.1 Atomic Structure—Protons, Electrons,
Pure Substances 8 and Neutrons 51
Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous 9 2.2 Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 52
1.4 Elements 10 Atomic Number 52
A Closer Look: Element Names and Symbols 11 Relative Atomic Mass and the Atomic Mass Unit 52
Mass Number 52
1.5 Compounds 12
2.3 Isotopes 54
1.6 Physical Properties 13
Isotope Abundance 54
Extensive and Intensive Properties 14
Determining Atomic Mass and Isotope Abundance 54
1.7 Physical and Chemical Changes 15
2.4 Atomic Weight 55
1.8 Energy: Some Basic Principles 16 Case Study: Using Isotopes: Ötzi, the Iceman of the
Case Study: CO2 in the Oceans 17 Alps 58
Conservation of Energy 18
2.5 The Periodic Table 58
Developing the Periodic Table 58
CHAPTER GOALS REVISITED 19
A Closer Look: The Story of the Periodic Table 59
KEY EQUATION 19
Features of the Periodic Table 61
STUDY QUESTIONS 20
A Brief Overview of the Periodic Table and the
Chemical Elements 62
Let’s Review: The Tools of Quantitative 2.6 Molecules, Compounds, and Formulas 66
Formulas 66
Chemistry 24
Molecular Models 68
Copper 24 2.7 Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, and Properties 69
1 Units of Measurement 25 Ions 69
Temperature Scales 25 Formulas of Ionic Compounds 73
Length, Volume, and Mass 27 Names of Ions 74
A Closer Look: Energy and Food 29 Properties of Ionic Compounds 76
Energy Units 29 2.8 Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names 78
2 Making Measurements: Precision, Accuracy, 2.9 Atoms, Molecules, and the Mole 80
Experimental Error, and Standard Deviation 30 Atoms and Molar Mass 80
Experimental Error 31 A Closer Look: Amedeo Avogadro and His Number 81
Standard Deviation 32 Molecules, Compounds, and Molar Mass 82
iv
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