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1 1 0 9 7 _ F E P .in d d 2 Periodic Table of the Elements Noble Alkaline gases 1 earth metals Halogens 18 1A 8A metals nonmetals 1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Transition metals 22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 als K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr et 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 m ali 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 k Al Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Ac† Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo (223) 226 (227) (261) (262) (263) (264) (265) (268) (271) (272) (285) (289) (293) 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 *Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 †Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232.0 (231) 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260) Group numbers 1–18 represent the system recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1 0 / 4 / 1 2 3 :2 5 P M 1 1 0 9 7 _ F E P .in d d 3 Table of Atomic Masses* Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Element Symbol Number Mass Element Symbol Number Mass Element Symbol Number Mass Actinium Ac 89 [227]§ Germanium Ge 32 72.59 Potassium K 19 39.10 Aluminum Al 13 26.98 Gold Au 79 197.0 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9 Americium Am 95 [243] Hafnium Hf 72 178.5 Promethium Pm 61 [145] Antimony Sb 51 121.8 Hassium Hs 108 [265] Protactinium Pa 91 [231] Argon Ar 18 39.95 Helium He 2 4.003 Radium Ra 88 226 Arsenic As 33 74.92 Holmium Ho 67 164.9 Radon Rn 86 [222] Astatine At 85 [210] Hydrogen H 1 1.008 Rhenium Re 75 186.2 Barium Ba 56 137.3 Indium In 49 114.8 Rhodium Rh 45 102.9 Berkelium Bk 97 [247] Iodine I 53 126.9 Roentgenium Rg 111 [272] Beryllium Be 4 9.012 Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 Bismuth Bi 83 209.0 Iron Fe 26 55.85 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1 Bohrium Bh 107 [264] Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Rutherfordium Rf 104 [261] Boron B 5 10.81 Lanthanum La 57 138.9 Samarium Sm 62 150.4 Bromine Br 35 79.90 Lawrencium Lr 103 [260] Scandium Sc 21 44.96 Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 Lead Pb 82 207.2 Seaborgium Sg 106 [263] Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Livermorium Lv 116 [293] Selenium Se 34 78.96 Californium Cf 98 [251] Lithium Li 3 6.9419 Silicon Si 14 28.09 Carbon C 6 12.01 Lutetium Lu 71 175.0 Silver Ag 47 107.9 Cerium Ce 58 140.1 Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Sodium Na 11 22.99 Cesium Cs 55 132.90 Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Meitnerium Mt 109 [268] Sulfur S 16 32.07 Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Mendelevium Md 101 [258] Tantalum Ta 73 180.9 Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Mercury Hg 80 200.6 Technetium Tc 43 [98] Copernicium CN 112 [285] Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Tellurium Te 52 127.6 Copper Cu 29 63.55 Neodymium Nd 60 144.2 Terbium Tb 65 158.9 Curium Cm 96 [247] Neon Ne 10 20.18 Thallium Tl 81 204.4 Darmstadtium Ds 110 [271] Neptunium Np 93 [237] Thorium Th 90 232.0 Dubnium Db 105 [262] Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Thulium Tm 69 168.9 Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 Niobium Nb 41 92.91 Tin Sn 50 118.7 Einsteinium Es 99 [252] Nitrogen N 7 14.01 Titanium Ti 22 47.88 Erbium Er 68 167.3 Nobelium No 102 [259] Tungsten W 74 183.9 Europium Eu 63 152.0 Osmium Os 76 190.2 Uranium U 92 238.0 Fermium Fm 100 [257] Oxygen O 8 16.00 Vanadium V 23 50.94 Flerovium Fl 114 [289] Palladium Pd 46 106.4 Xenon Xe 54 131.3 Fluorine F 9 19.00 Phosphorus P 15 30.97 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.0 Francium Fr 87 [223] Platinum Pt 78 195.1 Yttrium Y 39 88.91 Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3 Plutonium Pu 94 [244] Zinc Zn 30 65.38 Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Polonium Po 84 [209] Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 1 *The values given here are to four significant figures where possible. §A value given in parentheses denotes the mass of the longest-lived isotope. 0 / 4 / 1 2 3 :2 5 P M This is an electronic version of the print textbook. 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Printed in United States 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 Unless otherwise noted, all art on this page is © Cengage Learning 2014. 11097_FM_i-xxii.indd 2 10/2/12 11:23 AM Contents TotheProfessor ix Chapter 3 Stoichiometry 81 TotheStudent xiii 3.1 Counting by Weighing 82 3.2 Atomic Masses 83 Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations 1 3.3 The Mole 85 1.1 Chemistry: An Overview 3 3.4 Molar Mass 90 1.2 The Scientific Method 5 3.5 Learning to Solve Problems 93 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS A Note-able Achievement 7 3.6 Percent Composition of Compounds 94 1.3 Units of Measurement 8 3.7 Determining the Formula of a Compound 96 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Critical Units! 9 3.8 Chemical Equations 103 1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 11 3.9 Balancing Chemical Equations 105 1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations 14 3.10Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants 1.6 Learning to Solve Problems Systematically 18 and Products 108 1.7 Dimensional Analysis 18 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS High Mountains—Low Octane 109 1.8 Temperature 22 3.11The Concept of Limiting Reactant 114 1.9 Density 26 ForReview124 ∣ KeyTerms124 ∣ Questionsand 1.10Classification of Matter 27 Exercises126 ForReview31 ∣ KeyTerms31 ∣ QuestionsandExercises33 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 42 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry 43 2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws 44 2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 47 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon 48 2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom 50 2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction 54 2.6 Molecules and Ions 55 2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table 57 m CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Hassium Fits Right In 60 me.co 2.8 Naming Simple Compounds 60 Dreamsti ForReview71 ∣ KeyTerms71 ∣ QuestionsandExercises72 Daff/ Unless otherwise noted, all art on this page is © Cengage Learning 2014. iii 11097_FM_i-xxii.indd 3 10/2/12 11:23 AM iv Contents Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 138 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 139 4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 141 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Arrhenius: A Man with 44..34 TCTSoyHhlpeuEeM tCisoI oCnomsAf LCp C1ohO4se4iNmtiNoicEnaC lTo IRfO eSNaoScl utTitoiinonyns L sa b1o51ra34t5ories 152 ma/Science Faction/Corbis 44..56 PDreesccirpiibtiantgio Rne Raectaicotniosn ins So1l5u3tion 158 Caren Brinke 4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions 160 © 4.8 Acid–Base Reactions 163 4.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 170 4.10Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations 175 6.6 New Energy Sources 275 ForReview177 ∣ KeyTerms177 ∣ Questionsand CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Farming the Wind 277 Exercises179 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Veggie Gasoline? 282 Chapter 5 Gases 189 ForReview283 ∣ KeyTerms283 ∣ Questionsand Exercises285 5.1 Pressure 190 5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Chapter 7 Atomic Structure Avogadro 192 and Periodicity 295 5.3 The Ideal Gas Law 198 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 296 5.4 Gas Stoichiometry 203 7.2 The Nature of Matter 298 5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 208 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Fireworks 300 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Separating Gases 210 7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 305 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of Air Bags 211 7.4 The Bohr Model 306 5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 214 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 0.035 Femtometer Is a Big Deal 309 5.7 Effusion and Diffusion 222 7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 310 5.8 Real Gases 224 7.6 Quantum Numbers 313 5.9 Characteristics of Several Real Gases 226 7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies 314 5.10Chemistry in the Atmosphere 227 7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle 318 ForReview230 ∣ KeyTerms230 ∣ Questionsand Exercises232 7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms 318 7.10The History of the Periodic Table 320 Chapter 6 Thermochemistry 245 7.11The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table 322 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of 6.1 The Nature of Energy 246 Copernicium 323 6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry 252 7.12Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 329 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nature Has Hot 7.13The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals 335 Plants 256 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Potassium—Too Much of a 6.3 Hess’s Law 260 Good Thing Can Kill You 337 6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 264 ForReview339 ∣ KeyTerms339 ∣ Questionsand 6.5 Present Sources of Energy 271 Exercises341 Unless otherwise noted, all art on this page is © Cengage Learning 2014. 11097_FM_i-xxii.indd 4 10/2/12 11:23 AM Contents v Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts 351 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 352 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS No Lead Pencils 354 888...234 EBIoloenncsdt: r EPolonelceatgrraiottyniv aCitnoydn fiD3gip5u6oralet iMonosm aenndt Ss ize3s5 8361 Geographic Stock 8.5 Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds 365 National 8888....6789 PTCRThhaeoreeavt caiCLtaloeiolo cnvInaoatsl nliB eziocne n3dtC 7d ChE3 hElaenercametcrrtigoceinaerl sBo B faoo nCnnddod ivC:n aAhglee MMnmtooi Bcddaoeellnl ds33 7760369 Carsten Peter/Speleoresearch Films/ 8.10Lewis Structures 376 8.11Exceptions to the Octet Rule 380 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nitrogen Under Pressure 381 10.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids 471 8.12Resonance 384 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Graphene—Miracle 8.13Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model 389 Substance? 472 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Chemical Structure and 10.6 Molecular Solids 479 Communication: Semiochemicals 398 10.7 Ionic Solids 480 ForReview402 ∣ KeyTerms402 ∣ Questionsand Exercises404 10.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State 483 10.9 Phase Diagrams 491 Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 415 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother Nature 494 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron ForReview496 ∣ KeyTerms496 ∣ Questionsand Model 416 Exercises498 9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model 428 9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 431 Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions 510 9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 438 11.1 Solution Composition 511 9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular 11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation 514 Orbital Models 439 11.3 Factors Affecting Solubility 517 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What’s Hot? 440 11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions 521 9.6 Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) 441 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Lake Nyos Tragedy 522 ForReview443 ∣ KeyTerms443 ∣ Questionsand Exercises444 11.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression 527 Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids 453 11.6 Osmotic Pressure 531 11.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 535 10.1 Intermolecular Forces 455 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Drink of Champions— 10.2 The Liquid State 458 Water 537 10.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of 11.8 Colloids 538 Solids 459 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Organisms and Ice CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Smart Fluids 463 Formation 539 10.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals 465 ForReview540 ∣ KeyTerms540 ∣ Questionsand CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Closest Packing of M & Ms 469 Exercises542 Unless otherwise noted, all art on this page is © Cengage Learning 2014. 11097_FM_i-xxii.indd 5 10/2/12 11:23 AM vi Contents 13.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle 633 ForReview640 ∣ KeyTerms640 ∣ Questionsand Exercises642 Chapter 14 Acids and Bases 652 14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases 653 14.2 Acid Strength 656 14.3 The pH Scale 661 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Arnold Beckman, Man of Science 663 14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions 665 14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions 666 14.6 Bases 675 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Amines 679 Cancer Institute/Photo Researchers, Inc. 1111144444.....7891101PATPAThhorccoeeliiyddp ELp––eeffrBBrowteaaitciessistcees A oAPPfccrr 6iSooid9dtpp–1rseeuB rrcattts6iiueee8ssr1 eM oo offo nSOd aeAxllitc dsid e6s–9 6B48a66s9e3 National 14.12SAt Srautmegmya froyr So6l9v6ing Acid–Base Problems: ForReview697 ∣ KeyTerms697 ∣ Questionsand Exercises701 Chapter 12 Chemical Kinetics 552 Chapter 15 Acid–Base Equilibria 711 12.1 Reaction Rates 553 15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a 12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction 557 Common Ion 712 12.3 Determining the Form of the Rate Law 559 15.2 Buffered Solutions 715 12.4 The Integrated Rate Law 563 15.3 Buffering Capacity 724 12.5 Reaction Mechanisms 574 15.4 Titrations and pH Curves 727 12.6 A Model for Chemical Kinetics 577 15.5 Acid–Base Indicators 742 12.7 Catalysis 583 ForReview748 ∣ KeyTerms748 ∣ Questionsand CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Enzymes: Nature’s Exercises749 Catalysts 586 ForReview590 ∣ KeyTerms590 ∣ Questionsand Exercises592 Chapter 16 Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria 758 Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium 606 16.1 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product 759 13.1 The Equilibrium Condition 607 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of 13.2 The Equilibrium Constant 610 Teeth 763 13.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures 614 16.2 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis 768 13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria 617 16.3 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 774 13.5 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant 618 ForReview779 ∣ KeyTerms779 ∣ Questionsand 13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems 628 Exercises780 Unless otherwise noted, all art on this page is © Cengage Learning 2014. 11097_FM_i-xxii.indd 6 10/2/12 11:23 AM
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