Chemistry

1221 Pages·2019·206.142 MB·English

by  Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson

Chemistry 2e

SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
PAUL FLOWERS, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT PEMBROKE
KLAUS THEOPOLD, UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
RICHARD LANGLEY, STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY
WILLIAM R. ROBINSON, PHD
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HARDCOVER BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-947172-62-3
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Contents
Preface 1
CHAPTER 1
Essential Ideas
9
Introduction 9
1.1Chemistry in Context 9
1.2Phases and Classification of Matter 14
1.3Physical and Chemical Properties 23
1.4Measurements 27
1.5Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision 33
1.6Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results 41
Key Terms 48
Key Equations 49
Summary 49
Exercises 50
CHAPTER 2
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
61
Introduction 61
2.1Early Ideas in Atomic Theory 62
2.2Evolution of Atomic Theory 66
2.3Atomic Structure and Symbolism 71
2.4Chemical Formulas 79
2.5The Periodic Table 84
2.6Ionic and Molecular Compounds 89
2.7Chemical Nomenclature 96
Key Terms 104
Key Equations 105
Summary 105
Exercises 107
CHAPTER 3
Composition of Substances and Solutions
117
Introduction 117
3.1Formula Mass and the Mole Concept 118
3.2Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas 129
3.3Molarity 136
3.4Other Units for Solution Concentrations 144
Key Terms 150
Key Equations 150
Summary 150
Exercises 151
CHAPTER 4
Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
159
Introduction 159
4.1Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 160
4.2Classifying Chemical Reactions 166
4.3Reaction Stoichiometry 180
4.4Reaction Yields 185
4.5Quantitative Chemical Analysis 190
Key Terms 198
Key Equations 199
Summary 199
Exercises 200
CHAPTER 5
Thermochemistry
211
Introduction 211
5.1Energy Basics 212
5.2Calorimetry 221
5.3Enthalpy 233
Key Terms 247
Key Equations 248
Summary 248
Exercises 248
CHAPTER 6
Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
257
Introduction 257
6.1Electromagnetic Energy 258
6.2The Bohr Model 270
6.3Development of Quantum Theory 274
6.4Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations) 287
6.5Periodic Variations in Element Properties 295
Key Terms 304
Key Equations 305
Summary 305
Exercises 307
CHAPTER 7
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
313
Introduction 313
7.1Ionic Bonding 313
7.2Covalent Bonding 317
7.3Lewis Symbols and Structures 322
7.4Formal Charges and Resonance 332
7.5Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds 336
7.6Molecular Structure and Polarity 343
Key Terms 358
Key Equations 359
Summary 359
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Exercises 360
CHAPTER 8
Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
375
Introduction 375
8.1Valence Bond Theory 376
8.2Hybrid Atomic Orbitals 379
8.3Multiple Bonds 390
8.4Molecular Orbital Theory 393
Key Terms 408
Key Equations 408
Summary 409
Exercises 409
CHAPTER 9
Gases
415
Introduction 415
9.1Gas Pressure 416
9.2Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law 425
9.3Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions 437
9.4Effusion and Diffusion of Gases 449
9.5The Kinetic-Molecular Theory 454
9.6Non-Ideal Gas Behavior 458
Key Terms 462
Key Equations 462
Summary 463
Exercises 464
CHAPTER 10
Liquids and Solids
475
Introduction 475
10.1Intermolecular Forces 476
10.2Properties of Liquids 487
10.3Phase Transitions 493
10.4Phase Diagrams 503
10.5The Solid State of Matter 510
10.6Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids 516
Key Terms 534
Key Equations 535
Summary 535
Exercises 536
CHAPTER 11
Solutions and Colloids
547
Introduction 547
11.1The Dissolution Process 548
11.2Electrolytes 552
11.3Solubility 555
11.4Colligative Properties 564
11.5Colloids 583
Key Terms 592
Key Equations 593
Summary 593
Exercises 594
CHAPTER 12
Kinetics
599
Introduction 599
12.1Chemical Reaction Rates 600
12.2Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 605
12.3Rate Laws 607
12.4Integrated Rate Laws 614
12.5Collision Theory 625
12.6Reaction Mechanisms 630
12.7Catalysis 635
Key Terms 642
Key Equations 642
Summary 643
Exercises 644
CHAPTER 13
Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
657
Introduction 657
13.1Chemical Equilibria 657
13.2Equilibrium Constants 660
13.3Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle 669
13.4Equilibrium Calculations 675
Key Terms 683
Key Equations 683
Summary 683
Exercises 684
CHAPTER 14
Acid-Base Equilibria
693
Introduction 693
14.1Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases 693
14.2pH and pOH 697
14.3Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases 702
14.4Hydrolysis of Salts 716
14.5Polyprotic Acids 721
14.6Buffers 724
14.7Acid-Base Titrations 730
Key Terms 738
Key Equations 738
Summary 739
Exercises 740
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